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This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of an 8-week neuro-athletic training (NAT) program on dynamic balance, explosive strength, grip strength, and agility in elite soccer goalkeepers. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving NAT in addition to regular training or a control group continuing standard training. Pre- and post-intervention performance assessments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.
This study was designed as a parallel-group randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest structure to examine the neuromuscular and performance adaptations induced by neuro-athletic training (NAT) in elite soccer goalkeepers. A total of 16 athletes competing in the TFF 3rd League and Regional Amateur League were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=8) or a control group (n=8).
The experimental group completed an 8-week NAT intervention in addition to their regular football training, while the control group continued standard training routines. The NAT program was conducted twice weekly and incorporated visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive exercises using specialized tools such as Brock strings, pinhole glasses, and Marsden balls. The intervention followed a progressive structure across four phases, targeting visual clarity, coordination, peripheral awareness, and dynamic integration.
Primary performance outcomes included dynamic balance (Y Balance Test), agility (T-test), vertical jump (CMJ), and handgrip strength. Measurements were obtained under standardized conditions before and after the intervention. The study aimed to determine whether integrating neuro-athletic components into training enhances both neuromuscular efficiency and sport-specific performance in goalkeepers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neuro-Athletic Training Group | Experimental | Participants completed an 8-week neuro-athletic training program in addition to regular football training. The program was performed twice weekly (~20 minutes/session) and included visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive exercises (Brock string, pinhole glasses, Marsden ball). Training intensity and complexity were progressively increased across four phases. |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants continued their regular football training without additional neuro-athletic training. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuro-Athletic Training Group | Other | Participants completed an 8-week neuro-athletic training program in addition to regular football training. The program was performed twice weekly (~20 minutes/session) and included visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive exercises (Brock string, pinhole glasses, Marsden ball). Training intensity and complexity were progressively increased across four phases. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Dynamic Balance (Y Balance Test) | The Y-Balance Test (YBT) assesses dynamic balance by measuring the distances (cm) a participant can reach anteriorly, posteromedially, and posterolaterally while standing on one leg. The composite score is obtained by dividing the sum of the three directions by the leg length and calculating it as a percentage (%), with a higher score indicating better balance. | 8 week |
| Agility (T-Test) | The 505 Agility Test measures the speed of dynamic changes of direction in seconds (s) using electronic timing gates or a stopwatch, consisting of a 10-meter sprint, a 180-degree turn, and a 5-meter reverse sprint. The fastest time of three trials is recorded, with lower times indicating better agility. | 8 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Vertical Jump (Countermovement Jump) | Vertical jump (CMJ) height is a secondary outcome measure measured in centimeters (cm) using a force platform (Hawkin Dynamics) device, performed with maximum effort with hands on hips. The measurement is recorded based on a baseline and the best of three trials over a specified time interval (8 weeks). | 8 Week |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Male
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gumushane Univetsity | Gümüşhane | Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane | 29600 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data will not be shared publicly.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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Parallel Assignment
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Single (Outcomes Assessor Blinded)
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| control group | Other | Participants continued their regular football training without additional neuro-athletic training. |
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| Handgrip Strength | Maximal isometric hand grip strength measured in kilograms (kg) using a standardized Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer. Measurements will be performed in a standardized sitting position with 90-degree elbow flexion. Three trials will be recorded for each hand, and the highest value (or mean) will be used for analysis | 8 week |
| D008722 | Methods |