Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This randomized controlled trial investigates the comparative effect of combined strength and balance training versus balance and core training on kinesiophobia (fear of movement), ankle instability, functional outcomes, and athletic performance in adolescent table tennis players with functional ankle instability (FAI). Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups over a 6-week intervention (3 sessions/week). The Experimental Group will receive combined strength and balance training, while the Control Group will receive balance and core training. Outcomes will be measured using validated tools: TSK-17, CAIT, FAAM, Y-Balance Test, Single-Leg Hop Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental: Combined Strength and Balance Training | Experimental | Participants will receive a 6-week combined strength and balance training program (3 sessions/week, 40-45 min). Strength Component: Theraband Dorsiflexion (3×12), Theraband Eversion (3×12), Heel Raises progressing to single-leg (3×12), Forward Lunges (3×10 each leg). Balance Component: Single-Leg Stance Eyes Open→Closed (3×30 sec), Wobble Board Standing (3×30 sec), Y-Balance Reach (3 trials each direction). Weekly progression: Week 1-2 basic stable surface exercises, Week 3-4 increased repetitions, Week 5-6 single-leg variations introduced. |
|
| Control Group: Balance and Core Training | Active Comparator | Participants will receive a 6-week balance and core training program (3 sessions/week, 40-45 min). Balance Component: Single-Leg Stance Firm→Foam (3×30 sec), Tandem Walking (3×10 m), Y-Balance Drill (3 trials each direction). Core Component: Plank Hold (3×20 sec), Side Plank each side (3×15 sec), Dead Bug Exercise (3×10 reps). Weekly progression: Week 1-2 basic level, Week 3-4 increased repetitions, Week 5-6 maintained progression. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental : Combined Strength and Balance Training | Other | A structured 6-week exercise program combining ankle strengthening exercises (Theraband resistance training, heel raises, lunges) with dynamic balance training (single-leg stance, wobble board, Y-balance drills). Sessions last 40-45 minutes and are conducted 3 times per week. Warm-up: 5-7 min light jogging/dynamic mobility. Main Training: 30 min combined strength and balance work. Cool-down: 5 min static stretching. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Kinesiophobia - Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) | 17-item self-report questionnaire measuring fear of movement and re-injury. Good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.70-0.86) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.72-0.90). Reduced scores indicate decreased kinesiophobia. | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Ankle Instability - Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) | Validated questionnaire assessing functional ankle instability severity. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.83). Increased post-intervention scores indicate improved perceived ankle stability | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Functional Ability - Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) | Self-reported tool assessing functional limitations in foot and ankle disorders. Excellent internal consistency (α = 0.89-0.98) and reliability (ICC = 0.84-0.92) for ADL and Sports subscales. Increased scores indicate improved functional ability | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad Zia, MS-PT Sports | Contact | +92 340 9270376 | khanxia961@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hafsah Gul Khattak, DPT, MSNMPT | IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD (IIUI) | Principal Investigator |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Participants are randomized into two parallel groups: Experimental Group (Combined Strength + Balance Training) and Control Group (Balance + Core Training). Both groups undergo 6 weeks of intervention (3 sessions/week, 40-45 min/session). Pre- and post-assessments are performed at baseline and week 6.
Not provided
Not provided
The outcome assessor performing pre- and post-intervention measurements will be blinded to group allocation. Participants and the treating physiotherapist cannot be blinded due to the nature of the exercise intervention
|
| Control : Balance and Core Training | Other | A structured 6-week program combining balance training (single-leg stance on firm and foam surfaces, tandem walking, Y-balance drills) with core stabilization exercises (plank, side plank, dead bug). Sessions last 40-45 minutes, 3 times per week with the same warm-up and cool-down structure as the experimental group |
|
| Dynamic Balance - Y Balance Test (YBT) | Measures dynamic balance and lower limb neuromuscular control. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.85-0.91). Reach distances normalized to limb length. Increased post-intervention reach distance indicates improved ankle stability. | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Functional Performance - Single-Leg Hop Test | Reliable measure of lower limb strength, dynamic stability, and functional performance (ICC = 0.85-0.95). Increased hop distance and improved landing control indicate enhanced neuromuscular function. | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| Agility and Performance - T-Test and Illinois Agility Test | Valid and reliable measures of agility and change-of-direction speed. T-Test (ICC = 0.90-0.98), Illinois Agility Test (ICC = 0.88-0.96). Reduced completion time indicates improved dynamic stability and neuromuscular control. | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 6) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092442 | Kinesiophobia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010698 | Phobic Disorders |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
Not provided
Not provided