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This study aims to investigate the acute cognitive and physiological responses to breath-hold diving training in trained female divers. Participants will complete three separate sessions including a control session, a land-based breath-hold training session, and a water-based breath-hold training session in randomized order. Cognitive performance, mood state, heart rate responses, respiratory function, and maximal breath-hold capacity will be evaluated before and after the interventions. The study is expected to improve understanding of how acute apnea-based diving exercises influence cognitive functions and physiological adaptations under different environmental conditions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Session | Experimental | Participants will complete baseline cognitive, respiratory, mood, and maximal breath-hold assessments without structured breath-hold exercise. |
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| Land-Based Breath-Hold Training | Experimental | Participants will perform land-based breath-hold exercises at 60% of individual maximal breath-hold capacity followed by post-intervention cognitive and mood assessments. |
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| Water-Based Breath-Hold Training | Experimental | Participants will perform water-based breath-hold exercises in a swimming pool at 60% of individual maximal breath-hold capacity followed by post-intervention cognitive and mood assessments. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land-Based Breath-Hold Training | Behavioral | Participants will perform structured land-based breath-hold exercises consisting of repeated apnea efforts at 60% of individual maximal breath-hold capacity with standardized rest intervals. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Working Memory Accuracy (2-Back Test) | Accuracy score obtained from the computerized 2-back cognitive task. | Baseline and immediately after the intervention, within 5 minutes post-intervention. |
| Reaction Time During the 2-Back Test | Mean reaction time recorded during correct responses in the 2-back cognitive task. | Baseline and immediately after the intervention, within 5 minutes post-intervention. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) Total Score | Total mood disturbance score assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale questionnaire. | Baseline and immediately after the intervention, within 5 minutes post-intervention. |
| Maximum Breath-Hold Duration |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Görkem Açar, Ress. Asst. | Contact | +90 545 407 01 98 | gacar@gelisim.edu.tr |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul Gelisim University | Istanbul | 34000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Apr 8, 2026 | May 20, 2026 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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Participants will complete control, land-based breath-hold, and water-based breath-hold sessions in randomized crossover order. Cognitive, physiological, and mood-related responses will be evaluated before and after each session.
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No masking procedures will be applied because participants and investigators will be aware of the intervention conditions during the sessions.
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| Water-Based Breath-Hold Training | Behavioral | Participants will perform structured breath-hold exercises in a swimming pool environment consisting of repeated apnea efforts at 60% of individual maximal breath-hold capacity with standardized rest intervals. |
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| Control Session | Other | Participants will undergo baseline cognitive, respiratory, mood, and physiological assessments without structured apnea or breath-hold exercise intervention. |
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Maximum voluntary breath-hold duration recorded during testing.
| Baseline during the control session before intervention sessions. |
| Resting Heart Rate | Resting heart rate measured before each session using a Polar heart rate monitor. | Before each experimental session. |
| Exercise Heart Rate Response | Heart rate responses recorded every 30 seconds during the breath-hold exercise protocol. | During the intervention session. |