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The aim of this randomized controlled trial study was to assess the effects of an 4-week exercise program on the recovery capacity after a voluntary maximal apnea. Participants will be randomly allocated to perform an experimental breathing protocol (NR-HB), or an usual training using their usual breathing (UB) protocol.
It is a multi-center study. 2 different Spanish Freedivers Centres are included in the study (Madrid and Zaragoza).
Divers were randomly assigned to receive an experimental training (NR-HB) or to be included in the Control Group (UB).
The trial included two study visits. Each exercise training program will be applied sessions per week during 4 weeks. Participants received baseline assessments at the beginning of any intervention, and post-intervention assessments at the end of the fourth week.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| hook breathing removing nose-clip | Active Comparator | It will apply a usual training program for 4 weeks, 4hours and 30 min per week distributed equally over 3 days in the week. In each session, it was performed 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas with 3-minute recovery between each one. Then was performed a maximal-dynamic apnoea. To finish the session, was performed a continuous training of free style swimming at moderate effort over 30 minutes. During that training, only this group will perform an experimental breathing protocol consisted of removing nose-clip previous to surface and then perform hook breathing during 20 seconds. This protocol was applied at the end of each of the 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas and after the maximal-dynamic apnoea |
|
| usual breathing (UB) | Active Comparator | It will apply a usual training program for 4 weeks, 4hours and 30 min per week distributed equally over 3 days in the week. In each session, it was performed 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas with 3-minute recovery between each one. Then was performed a maximal-dynamic apnoea. To finish the session, was performed a continuous training of free style swimming at moderate effort over 30 minutes. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hook breathing removing nose-clip | Other | Participants will perform 3 days per week of usual training, involving intense exercise 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas with 3-minute recovery between each one per session, and continuous training of free style swimming at moderate effort over 30 minutes, including warm-up, recovery between intervals and cool down. The experimental breathing protocol consisted on to remove nose-clip previous to surface and then perform hook breathing during 20 seconds. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen Saturation change | Oxygen Saturation recovery will be record by the experimenters every 5 seconds by a handheld pulse-oximeter during the 1 min recovery time after a maximal dynamic apnea. The outcome was the length of the time to return to 95% SpO2 during the 1 min recovery time after maximal dynamic apnoea | Before and after training intervention (after 4 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate recovery | Heart Rate will be record by the experimenters every 5 seconds by a handheld pulse-oximeter during the 1 min recovery time after a maximal dynamic apnea. The outcome was the length of the time to stabilize heart rate during these 1 minute. | before and after training intervention (after 4 weeks) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francisco de Asís Fernández, PhD | Contact | (+34) 91 7401 980 | frandeasis@lasallecampus.es |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madrid FREEDIVERS association | Madrid | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12183481 | Background | Andersson JP, Liner MH, Runow E, Schagatay EK. Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Sep;93(3):882-6. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00863.2001. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001049 | Apnea |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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parallel-group
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single-blind
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| usual breathing (UB) | Other | Participants will perform 3 days per week of usual training, involving intense exercise 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas with 3-minute recovery between each one per session, and continuous training of free style swimming at moderate effort over 30 minutes, including warm-up, recovery between intervals and cool down. |
|
| Lung function (forced spirometry) |
The Spirometry will be perform according to American Thoracic Society criteria and was measured in litres. The maneuver will be perform 3 times and recording the best one. |
| before and after training intervention (after 4 weeks) |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |