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The overall aim of this project is to study the effects of short-term high ultra-processed food intake, compared to nutrient- and energy density matched low ultra-processed food (UPF) intake, on energy intake and appetite.
A total of 24 men and women who meet all inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria will be invited to participate. A randomized 2*2 factorial four-way crossover study will be conducted at the Department of Internal medicine and Clinical Nutrition at the University of Gothenburg, comparing a high-UPF meal to a low-UPF meal also with high and/or low energy density. A supervised breakfast meal will be served, and postprandial blood samples and appetite measures will be collected continuously up to 4 hours after the breakfast meal. Subsequently, an ad libitum lunch meal will be served, and energy intake will be recorded.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Experimental | Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
|
| Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Experimental | Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
|
| Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Experimental | Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
|
| Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Experimental | Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported appetite | Appetite ratings (hunger, fullness, and desire to eat) will be assessed using separate 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), anchored with "not at all" (0 mm) and "extremely" (100 mm). Higher scores indicate greater perceived intensity. | Baseline to 8 hours after test meal |
| Energy intake | Energy intake estimated by nutrient calculation of leftover food at the ad libitum lunch meal | 4 hours after test meal |
| Gastrointestinal hormones - incretins | Difference between groups in incretins GIP and GLP-1 in response to meal | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Gastrointestinal hormones - cholecystokinin | Difference between groups in cholecystokinin in response to meal | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Gastrointestinal hormones - peptide YY | Difference between groups in peptide YY (PYY) in response to meal | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Gastrointestinal hormones - ghrelin | Difference between groups in ghrelin in response to meal | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Eating rate | Time it takes to eat the study meal until satisfied | Baseline til end of study meal |
| Glucose postprandial | Difference between groups in postprandial glucose in response to meal. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Determinants of energy intake - proteome | Correlation between baseline proteome measured using proteomics and the primary outcome energy intake | Baseline |
| Determinants of energy intake - metabolome | Correlation between baseline metabolome measured using metabolomics and primary outcome energy intake |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Therese Karlsson, PhD | Contact | +46704089150 | therese.karlsson@gu.se | |
| Linnea Bärebring, PhD | Contact | linnea.barebring@gu.se |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Therese Karlsson, PhD | University of Gothenburg, Institute of medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of internal medicine and clinical nutrition, University olf Gothenburg | Recruiting | Gothenburg | 40530 | Sweden |
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Factorial assignment 2X2 factorial
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| Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
|
| Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
|
| Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
|
| Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Insulin postprandial | Difference between groups in postprandial insulin in response to meal. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Lipid metabolism | Difference between groups in postprandial lipid metabolism in response to meal. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Metabolome | Differences between groups in metabolome (plasma) measured using metabolomics in response to meals. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Proteome | Differences between groups in proteome (plasma) measured using proteomics in response to meals. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Self-reported prospective energy intake | Self-reported prospective energy intake during the remainder of the day | From 30 min until midnight or bedtime (which ever comes first) |
| Inflammatory markers in blood - cytokines | Differences between groups in immunological responses (cytokines) in response to meal. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Inflammatory markers in blood - lipopolysaccharides | Differences between groups in immunological responses (lipopolysaccharides) in response to meal. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Inflammatory markers in blood - GlycA | Differences between groups in immunological responses (GlycA) in response to meal. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Lipid profile | Differences between groups in lipid profile (plasma) measured using lipidomics in response to meals. | Baseline to 4 hours after test meal |
| Baseline |
| Determinants of energy intake - body composition | Correlation between baseline body composition (fat percentage and fat free mass percentage) measured using Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and primary outcome energy intake | Baseline |
| Determinants of energy intake - metabolic markers | Correlation between baseline metabolic markers, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and triglycerides measured via standard clinical chemistry methods, and primary outcome energy intake | Baseline |
| Determinants of energy intake - physical activity | Correlation between baseline self-reported physical activity and primary outcome energy intake | Baseline |
| Determinants of energy intake - diet | Correlation between baseline diet (macro- and micronutrient intake, dietary patterns, food group intake) estimated from a 4-day dietary record and primary outcome energy intake | Baseline |
| Determinants of energy intake - microbiome | Correlation between baseline gut microbiome composition-assessed using metagenomic shotgun sequencing and 16S rRNA analysis-and the primary outcome of energy intake. | Baseline |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092965 | Food, Processed |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
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