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The overall aim of the study is to determine effects of different meal characteristics on energy intake, eating rate and appetite.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| LL | Experimental | Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
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| LH | Experimental | Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
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| HL | Experimental | Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
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| HH | Experimental | Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal low in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Energy intake | Energy intake estimated by nutrient calculation of leftover food | Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first) |
| Eating rate | Time it takes to eat the study meal until satisfied | Baseline until 1 hour, or completion of the meal (which ever comes first) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported appetite | Self-reported appetite, using Visual Analogue Scales | Before, and after the meal (before meal and after 30 minutes, 1hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours and 4 hours) |
| Self-reported prospective energy intake |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Food allergies, intolerances or preferences preventing consumption of any products included in the study.
Unable to sufficiently understand written and spoken Swedish or English to provide written consent and understand information and instructions from the study personal.
Pregnant, lactating or planning a pregnancy during the study period.
History of stomach or gastrointestinal conditions or major gastrointestinal surgery (Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, malabsorption, colostomy, bowel resection, gastric bypass surgery etc.)
Type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
Drug treated thyroid disorder
•- Following any weight reduction program or having followed one during the last 6 months prior to screening.
Medication for weight reduction purpose effecting appetite or fat absorption (e.g. GLP-1 analogues, orlistat)
Severe dysfunctional eating behavior based on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Linnea Bärebring, PhD, Associate professor | Göteborg University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Gothenburg | Gothenburg | 40530 | Sweden |
Ethical approvals and legal issues must be considered and resolved before data of individuals can be shared.
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2*2 factorial
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| Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal low in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
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| Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal high in energy density, low in ultra-processed food |
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| Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food | Other | Meal high in energy density, high in ultra-processed food |
|
|
Self-reported prospective energy intake during the remainder of the day
| From 30 min until midnight or bedtime (which ever comes first) |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092965 | Food, Processed |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
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