Acute Effects of Different Macronutrient Compositions and Meal Distributions of the Food

Diet-induced Thermogenesis 2

About thirty participants, of varying degrees of obesity or being non-obese, without serious concomitant diseases consume either a high- or a low- carbohydrate beverage. The beverage is also consumed either as one single drink or as 5 small portions in the morning and are tested for effects on major cardiovascular risk markers and on metabolic rate for three hours on each occasion.

Thirty participants come to the metabolic ward at about 8 o´clock in the fasting state and stay until lunch on four occasions each. The participants are randomized to the order of the test meals. The meals have a total caloric content of 750 kcal and have either 50% of energy from carbohydrates (low fat) or 20% of energy from carbohydrates (low carb.). The meals are consumed on one occasion in the morning or divided in 5 portions (150 kcal each) for every 30 minutes, i.e. total combinations of meal composition and of meal distribution is 4. Effects of the food on p-glucose, s-insulin, blood-lipids, hormones and on metabolic rate is measured by blood tests or by indirect calorimetry (for metabolic rate). Sense of satiety is measured by visual analogue scales.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy participants > 18 years with or without obesity

Exclusion Criteria:

• Major illnesses,
• thyroid diseases,
• need to take prednisolone,
• psychiatric disease,
• inability to understand Swedish