Participants will receive conventional (usual) treatment: continue with their original treatment, medication, and diet habits. After spinal surgery, two nurses trained according to this study protocol will teach participants standard guidance for lumbar and back exercises, which will include exercise suggestions and health education.

BDJ exercise combined with resistance training and conventional (usual) treatment in the experimental group. Two nurses will provide training to ensure that participants can perform the movements skillfully and coherently.

Baduanjin with Resistance Training Program

ODI is the most widely accepted scales for assessing quality of life and the severity of disability caused by back pain. It assesses the impact of back pain on various daily activities. The ODI is a questionnaire containing 10 items covering disability caused by low back pain. Each item is assessed on a six-level ordinal scale with "0" describing "no limitation" and "5" describing "extreme limitation or an inability to function", with higher values representing a greater extent of disability. The total score is converted to a percentage to determine the severity of disability. Scores are interpreted as follows: 0-20% (minimal disability), 21-40% (moderate disability), 41-60% (severe disability), 61-80% (crippled), and 81-100% (bed-bound or exaggerating symptoms). The Cronbach's alpha of this scale was 0.89.

The researchers need to record the total time spent going from sit to stand. At last, the test will be performed three times, and the final average in seconds is taken. Each patient was given 2 minutes intervals for rest. The time it takes to complete the five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) varies by age and gender. Healthy adults complete the test in ≤ 10 seconds; times ≥15 seconds indicate increased fall risk and mobility impairments. The Cronbach alpha 0.99, and the reliability was 0.97.

The IPAQ-LC is a widely used tool for assessing physical activity levels in various populations. This scale requires participants to complete 31 questions across four activity domains (transportation, work, household, and leisure time), and includes sections on walking, moderate and vigorous activity, and sedentary behaviors (sitting and lying awake]. The exercises recorded must last at least 10 minutes each time. To calculate a total activity score, the reported activity is assigned a Metabolic Equivalents (MET) value based on its intensity.

(1) Low Activity Level: <600 MET minutes/ a week; (2) Moderate Activity Level: 600~3000 MET minutes/ a week; (3) > 3000 MET minutes/ a week.

The Cronbach's alpha of this scale was 0.88.

This scale is designed to test individual's confidence to exercise in the face of barriers to exercise. It consists of 9 items, with scores ranging from 0 to 10 representing the exercise confidence levels. A score of 0 indicates "no confidence", while a score of 10 indicates "very confident". Total score range is 0-90. Higher scores reflect a greater level of exercise self-efficacy. The Cronbach alpha for this scale is 0.93.