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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular joint problems, head posture, tongue strength, and endurance with core stabilization.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on university students aged 18-31 between September 2022 and February 2023. In the evaluation of the students were used that the Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire for temporomandibular joint dysfunction, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Examination Form for maximum pain-free mouth opening, presence of sound in temporomandibular joint movements, and palpation parameters of temporomandibular joint and surrounding muscles, Craniovertebral Angle for forward head posture, and Iowa Oral Performance Instrument for tongue strength and endurance. In addition, the Trunk Flexor Endurance Test and Biering Sorenson Test were used for static endurance of the core muscles, and Sit-ups Test and Modified Push-ups Test were used for dynamic endurance of the core muscles.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMJ dysfunction | Other | Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire (FAQ) was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the FAQ was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD. | ||
| Maximum pain-free mouth opening (MMO) | Other | The maximum pain-free mouth opening was recorded using a 15 cm ruler | ||
| Forward head posture | Other | Forward head posture was evaluated by CVA using a goniometer. CVA was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane, the seventh cervical vertebra and the ear hole | ||
| Tongue strength and endurance | Other | Tongue strength and endurance were evaluated with IOPI (Medical LLC, Redmond, WA), which has been clinically validated and reliable | ||
| Static endurance evaluation of the trunk muscles | Other |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| TMJ dysfunction | Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire (FAQ) was used for TMJ dysfunction. The FAQ has a multi-factor evaluation structure. The questionnaire consists of ten questions about pain in TMJ, head, and joints, with answer options of "No, Sometimes and Yes." A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD. | September 2022- February 2023 |
| Maximum pain-free mouth opening (MMO) | The maximum pain-free mouth opening was recorded using a 15 cm ruler | September 2022- February 2023 |
| Forward head posture | Forward head posture was evaluated by CVA using a goniometer. | September 2022- February 2023 |
| Tongue strength and endurance | Tongue strength and endurance were evaluated with IOPI (Medical LLC, Redmond, WA), which has been clinically validated and reliable | September 2022- February 2023 |
| Static endurance evaluation of the trunk muscles | The Trunk Flexors Endurance Test and the Biering Sorenson Test were used. These static tests are measurements targeting the local core muscles. The time the individuals maintained their position was recorded in seconds (sec) using a stopwatch. | September 2022- February 2023 |
| Dynamic endurance evaluation of the core muscles: | The Sit-ups and the Modified Push-ups Tests were used. These dynamic tests are measurements targeting the global core muscles. The number of times the individuals could perform the movement for 30 sec was recorded. | September 2022- February 2023 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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University students
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University | Balıkesir | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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The Trunk Flexors Endurance Test and the Biering Sorenson Test were used. These static tests are measurements targeting the local core muscles. |
| Dynamic endurance evaluation of the core muscles | Other | The Sit-ups and the Modified Push-ups Tests were used. These dynamic tests are measurements targeting the global core muscles. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013705 | Temporomandibular Joint Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017271 | Craniomandibular Disorders |
| D008336 | Mandibular Diseases |
| D007571 | Jaw Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
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