Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are commonly managed with non-invasive interventions such as manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, relaxation techniques, and patient education. Core strengthening (also known as abdominal strengthening) is a fundamental element of physical therapy that engages deep and superficial trunk musculature to enhance postural control and functional performance. Protocols such as the Shirley Sahrmann progression have demonstrated increased activation of key core stabilizing muscles. Emerging evidence suggests a potential relationship between core stability training and reductions in TMD-related pain, though improvements in functional outcomes remain inconclusive. Biomechanical links between the pelvic floor, spine, and temporomandibular joint further support the rationale for core-focused interventions. Nevertheless, few studies have isolated the effects of core strengthening on TMD symptomatology. This study seeks to determine whether the integration of core stability exercises into TMD management can reduce pain, improve function, and enhance quality of life.

This single-blinded randomized controlled trial will evaluate the effects of core strengthening exercises in addition to standard physical therapy for patients with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMD). The study aims to determine whether integrating core stability exercises can reduce TMD-related pain, improve function, and enhance quality of life compared to standard physical therapy alone.

A total of 50 participants, aged 18-70, who have a primary complaint of TMD within the last 30 days and are willing to complete at least six physical therapy visits over a three-month period will be enrolled. Participants must speak English or have access to a verified interpreter and be able to safely participate in exercise.

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups:

Group 1: Core strengthening exercises (Shirley Sahrmann progression) combined with standard TMD physical therapy, including therapeutic exercises, manual interventions, soft tissue mobilization, neuromuscular re-education, and education. Home exercise programs will support adherence.

Group 2: Standard TMD physical therapy alone, including the same therapeutic exercises, manual interventions, soft tissue mobilization, neuromuscular re-education, and education.

Key exclusion criteria include recent TMJ or spinal surgery, recent head/neck trauma or neurologic symptoms, pregnancy, concurrent physical therapy for other movement disorders, low back or pelvic health dysfunction in the past three months, use of dentures, or current chemotherapy/radiation involving the head, neck, pelvis, spine, or hip.

Participants will undergo initial evaluation, intervention sessions, and post-treatment assessment by blinded evaluating therapists to measure pain, function, and core strength outcomes. Safety will be continuously monitored throughout the study.

Who Can Participate (Inclusion Criteria):

Adults between 18 and 70 years old.

Have had jaw pain or problems with the jaw joint (TMD) in the last 30 days.

Able and willing to attend at least six physical therapy sessions over three months.

Speak English or have access to a qualified interpreter.

Able to safely do physical exercises.

Who Cannot Participate (Exclusion Criteria):

Recently had surgery on the jaw, teeth, or spine (within the last 3 months).

Recently had head or neck injuries or certain neurological problems (such as dizziness, double vision, trouble swallowing, or sudden falls).

Are pregnant or become pregnant during the study.

Currently doing physical therapy for other movement problems that could affect the study.

Have had lower back or pelvic health issues in the last 3 months.

Currently receiving chemotherapy or radiation for cancer in the head, neck, pelvis, spine, or hip.

Wear dentures or cannot safely perform exercises.

Single-blinded (evaluating PT blinded)