High- Versus Low-calcium Water for Bone Health

Metabolic Response to the Consumption of Waters With Different Calcium Content: a Cross-over Clinical Study

The experimental study investigates which metabolic responses of calcium and parathyroid hormone are observable in blood and urine in a cohort of 41 healthy adults following a sequence of different exposures: low-calcium water first and high-calcium water afterward.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Body mass index ≥ 18 and < 30
• Maintenance of diet and physical activity lifestyle throughout the duration of the study
• Acceptance of informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Consumption of water with calcium > 150 mg/L
• Pregnancy (as established by self-declaration), breastfeeding, menopause
• Inability to follow the study protocol
• Cardiac, vascular, renal, and oncological disease
• Neuropsychiatric disease, developmental disorders
• Disease or past surgery affecting the gastrointestinal tract
• Drugs that interfere with bone (e.g. corticosteroids) or with fluid balance (e.g. diuretics)