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The main objective is to investigate if foods high in coconut oil (MCFA) or palm oil (LCFA) have different impacts on postprandial blood lipid levels and appetite via a visual analog scale (VAS).
Postprandial lipemia has been recognized as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. The rate of postprandial triglyceride production and clearance in the blood, as well as the appetite, are influenced by the quality of the food consumed, such as the length of saturated fatty acids. The study will include 24 healthy adults ranging in age from 18 to 40 years old, of both sexes and it will be conducted at the University of Jordan. The study will involve two experimental test days, each separated by at least a week of washout interval, and each test day will last for 6 hours. All subjects will be randomly assigned to one of the experimental meals using computer-generated tables. Blood serum samples (2 mL) will be taken after an overnight fast and 2, 4, and 6 hours after eating the meals, and blood lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG)] will be examined in a private lab. After that, participants will be allowed an ad libitum intake of standard meals. Each meal will be weighed before and after it is consumed, with the amount of food ingested being calculated.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coconut oil | Active Comparator | The coconut oil will be given to each participant in the amount of 40 g, which will be incorporated into biscuits. Each participant will have ten minutes to consume biscuits with 250 ml of water. No other food will be consumed during the study period (6 hours). After that, participants will be allowed an ad libitum intake of standard meals. Each meal will be weighed before and after it is consumed, with the amount of food ingested being calculated. Then the participants will take the other treatment after a 1-week washout interval. |
|
| Palm oil | Active Comparator | The palm oil will be given to each participant in the amount of 40 g, which will be incorporated into biscuits. Each participant will have ten minutes to consume biscuits with 250 ml of water. No other food will be consumed during the study period (6 hours). After that, participants will be allowed an ad libitum intake of standard meals. Each meal will be weighed before and after it is consumed, with the amount of food ingested being calculated. Then the participants will take the other treatment after a 1-week washout interval. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coconut oil | Dietary Supplement | Coconut oil will be given to each participant in the amount of 40 g, which will be incorporated into biscuits. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric measurements ( Height) | Standing height, without footwear, will be taken using stadiometer to the nearest 5mm | baseline, pre-intervention, 1 day for each participant /during 3 months |
| Anthropometric measurements (Weight) | Bioelectrical impedance will be used to determine body weight | baseline, pre-intervention, 1 day for each participant /during 3 months |
| Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference) | Waist circumference (WC) will be measured at the midway between the lowest ribs and the iliac crest using a standard tape to the nearest 1 cm | baseline, pre-intervention, 1 day for each participant /during 3 months |
| Anthropometric measurements (percentage body fat) | Bioelectrical impedance will be used to determine body composition | baseline, pre-intervention,1 day for each participant /during 3 months |
| Biochemical measurements (Total cholesterol (TC)) | Up to 6 hours | After the intervention / up to 3 months from collecting the samples |
| Biochemical measurements (Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)) | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol test will be performed after an overnight fast and 2, 4, and 6 hours after eating the meals | Up to 6 hours |
| Biochemical measurements ( High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Shatha S Hammad, PhD | The University of Jordan | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of Jordan | Amman | 11942 | Jordan | |||
| The University of Jordan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32684486 | Background | Austin G, Ferguson JJ, Thota RN, Singh H, Burrows T, Garg ML. Postprandial lipaemia following consumption of a meal enriched with medium chain saturated and/or long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A randomised cross-over study. Clin Nutr. 2021 Feb;40(2):420-427. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.027. Epub 2020 Jul 1. | |
| 25473503 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006949 | Hyperlipidemias |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050171 | Dyslipidemias |
| D052439 | Lipid Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000074263 | Coconut Oil |
| D000073878 | Palm Oil |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004041 | Dietary Fats |
| D005223 | Fats |
| D008055 | Lipids |
| D010938 | Plant Oils |
| D009821 |
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randomized crossover single-blinded intervention study
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| Palm oil | Dietary Supplement | Palm oil will be given to each participant in the amount of 40 g, which will be incorporated into biscuits. |
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol test will be performed after an overnight fast and 2, 4, and 6 hours after eating the meals
| Up to 6 hours |
| Biochemical measurements (Triglyceride (TG)) | Triglyceride test will be performed after an overnight fast and 2, 4, and 6 hours after eating the meals | Up to 6 hours |
| Dietary intake (3-days food record) | Participants will be asked to fill out a food record to track changes in their (intake) appetite | one day |
| Amman |
| Jordan |
| Abedi E, Sahari MA. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Sep;2(5):443-63. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.121. Epub 2014 Jun 29. |
| 33261509 | Background | Behrouz V, Yari Z. A review on differential effects of dietary fatty acids on weight, appetite and energy expenditure. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(8):2235-2249. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1852172. Epub 2020 Dec 1. |
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| 28098139 | Background | Kaviani S, Cooper JA. Appetite responses to high-fat meals or diets of varying fatty acid composition: a comprehensive review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Oct;71(10):1154-1165. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.250. Epub 2017 Jan 18. |
| 29511019 | Background | Khaw KT, Sharp SJ, Finikarides L, Afzal I, Lentjes M, Luben R, Forouhi NG. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ Open. 2018 Mar 6;8(3):e020167. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020167. |
| 31319633 | Background | Maher T, Sampson A, Goslawska M, Pangua-Irigaray C, Shafat A, Clegg ME. Food Intake and Satiety Response after Medium-Chain Triglycerides Ingested as Solid or Liquid. Nutrients. 2019 Jul 17;11(7):1638. doi: 10.3390/nu11071638. |
| 23275359 | Background | Ma WY, Yang CY, Shih SR, Hsieh HJ, Hung CS, Chiu FC, Lin MS, Liu PH, Hua CH, Hsein YC, Chuang LM, Lin JW, Wei JN, Li HY. Measurement of Waist Circumference: midabdominal or iliac crest? Diabetes Care. 2013 Jun;36(6):1660-6. doi: 10.2337/dc12-1452. Epub 2012 Dec 28. |
| 34136161 | Background | Moneeb AHM, Hammam ARA, Ahmed AKA, Ahmed ME, Alsaleem KA. Effect of fat extraction methods on the fatty acids composition of bovine milk using gas chromatography. Food Sci Nutr. 2021 May 4;9(6):2936-2942. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2252. eCollection 2021 Jun. |
| 24816555 | Background | Montoya C, Cochard B, Flori A, Cros D, Lopes R, Cuellar T, Espeout S, Syaputra I, Villeneuve P, Pina M, Ritter E, Leroy T, Billotte N. Genetic architecture of palm oil fatty acid composition in cultivated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) compared to its wild relative E. oleifera (H.B.K) Cortes. PLoS One. 2014 May 9;9(5):e95412. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095412. eCollection 2014. |
| 30239550 | Background | Panth N, Abbott KA, Dias CB, Wynne K, Garg ML. Differential effects of medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Oct 1;108(4):675-687. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy167. |
| 30824268 | Background | Panth N, Dias CB, Wynne K, Singh H, Garg ML. Medium-chain fatty acids lower postprandial lipemia: A randomized crossover trial. Clin Nutr. 2020 Jan;39(1):90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.008. Epub 2019 Feb 16. |
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| 27080715 | Background | Schonfeld P, Wojtczak L. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids in energy metabolism: the cellular perspective. J Lipid Res. 2016 Jun;57(6):943-54. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R067629. Epub 2016 Apr 14. |
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| 39882282 | Derived | Jadallah R, Hammad SS. Comparison of the effect of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids on postprandial appetite and lipemia: a randomised crossover trial. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2024 Dec 11;7(2):e001029. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2024-001029. eCollection 2024. |
| Oils |
| D028321 | Plant Preparations |
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |