healthy mothers

healthy infants

Collect breast-milk and feces from mother-infant-pairs.

Apply 16S amplicon sequencing and shotgun sequencing technology to obtain microbial structure of the specimens. The differences of microbial structure will be compared between the experimental and control groups. Significance among multiple groups was tested using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Groups with different characters denoting a significant difference, while having the same character denotes p-value > 0.05 in LSD test.

Apply traditional culture technologies to validate and obtain human source bacteria.The differences of frequencies of probiotics will be compared between the experimental and control groups. Depending on the distribution of the variables, either the Mann-Whitney test or the unpaired Student's t-test was employed for quantitative variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test for mean values was used to evaluate non-parametric comparisons between participants in all groups. Significance among multiple groups was tested using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Groups with different characters denoting a significant difference, while having the same character denotes p-value > 0.05 in LSD test.

After a brief introduction to the survey, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire. The differences of health status will be compared between the experimental and control groups. Depending on the distribution of the variables, either the Mann-Whitney test or the unpaired Student's t-test was employed for quantitative variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test for mean values was used to evaluate non-parametric comparisons between participants in all groups.