Ultrasound Image Study for Ultrasound-assisted Paramedian Spinal Anesthesia

Ultrasound Image Study for Ultrasound-assisted Paramedian Spinal Anesthesia: Difference in Sidedness of Approach, Position and Age

This prospective observational study aimed to obtain ultrasound images for ultrasound-assisted paramedian spinal anesthesia and identify the differences according to sidedness of approach, position and age.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients under 40 or over 60 years of age who require spinal anesthesia for orthopedic surgery,
• with ASA physical status classification system I, II, III

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with contraindication to spinal anesthesia (coagulopathy, local infection, allergy to local anesthetic)
• Patients with communication difficulties
• Patient who can not take a sitting or lateral decubitus position (fracture)
• Patients with a history of spinal surgery
• Patient with anatomical abnormality of the spine