Midline vs. Paramedian Approaches for US-assisted Spinal Anesthesia

Midline Versus Paramedian Approaches for Ultrasound-assisted Spinal Anesthesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Ultrasound has emerged as an useful tool for neuraxial blockade. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety between the midline approach and paramedian approach for ultrasound-assisted spinal anesthesia in adult patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult patients scheduled to undergoing elective orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia, with ASA physical status classification I, II, III

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with contraindication to spinal anesthesia (coagulopathy, local infection, allergy to local anesthetic)
• Patients with morbid cardiac diseases
• Pregnancy
• Patients with previous history of lumbar spinal surgery
• Patients with anatomical abnormality of lumbar spine