The Effect of Intravenous Nalbuphine on PONV With Intrathecal Morphine in Abdominoplasty.

The Effect of Intravenous Nalbuphine on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting With Intrathecal Morphine in Abdominoplastic Surgery.

How effectively intravenous nalbuphine can reduce the incidence of PONV after intrathecal administration of morphine in abdominoplastic surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients undergoing abdominoplasty under spinal anesthesia
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I and II.

Exclusion Criteria:

• allergy to local anesthetics
• bleeding diatheses
• local infection or sepsis