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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Science Centre, Poland | OTHER_GOV |
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The study is aimed at assessing the influence of two betaine doses (2.5 g∙d-1 and 5 g∙d-1) supplemented for three weeks in a group of speed-strength trained athletes on anaerobic capacity in Wingate test, performance in CrossFit-like exercise test - Fight Gone Bad, alterations in body compositions and total body water.
The main aim of the project is the assessment of the effects of 3 weeks supplementation with two doses of betaine (2.5 g∙d-1 and 5 g∙d-1) on anaerobic capacity, CrossFit performance, body composition, and betaine metabolism in a group of male speed-strength trained athletes.
The study is designed as a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. 80 male participants will be divided randomly into two parallel groups: one receiving 2.5 g·d-1 betaine and the second receiving 5 g·d-1 betaine. In both experimental groups participants will receive both betaine supplement or placebo in a random order. The supplementation periods (betaine and placebo) will last for three weeks each and will be separated by a 3-week washout. The participants will attend four study meetings at the Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland. Food intake before and during the intervention will be assessed with the use of food diary and intakes of macro- and micronutrients will be calculated with the use of Dieta 5.0 software. On each visit Wingate ergocycling test will be performed, body composition will be measured and blood samples will be taken. The same day in the afternoon/evening hours the Fight Gone Bad (FGB) test will be performed. Body composition will be assessed based on air displacement plethysmography technology using the Bod Pod®. Moreover, total body water content will be analyzed by bioelectric impedance with the use of a BIA 101S analyzer. Anaerobic capacity will be assessed using the classical Wingate test on a cycloergometer. In order to assess CrossFit performance the FGB test will be performed. In blood samples the investigators plan to analyze concentrations of: lipoproteins and triglycerides (biochemical analyzer), betaine (LC-MS method), amino acid profile (LC-MS method), and testosterone (ELISA). MTHFR genotype will be analyzed with using a PCR-RFLP method. Data will be analyzed using the STATISTICA 12 software program.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betaine supplementation | Experimental | The experimental procedure for each athlete includes a 3-week betaine supplementation either 2.5 g or 5 g daily. Betaine will be administered in the form of capsules containing either 0.5 or 1 g betaine. The capsules will be ingested with at least 250 mL of water. Each athlete will ingest 5 betaine capsules a day. On training days the supplements will be taken in the morning (2 capsules), in the evening (2 capsules) and 1.5 hours before training session (1 capsule). On rest days the supplements will be taken in the morning (2 capsules), in the afternoon (1 capsule) and in the evening (2 capsules). |
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| Placebo treatment | Experimental | The experimental procedure for each athlete included a 3-week placebo administration. Placebo will be capsules with starch. Placebo will be ingested with at least 250 mL of water. Each athlete will ingest 5 placebo capsules a day. On training days the supplements will be taken in the morning (2 capsules), in the evening (2 capsules) and 1.5 hours before training session (1 capsule). On rest days the supplements will be taken in the morning (2 capsules), in the afternoon (1 capsule) and in the evening (2 capsules). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betaine supplementation | Dietary Supplement | Group taking oral betaine supplementation |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in fat mass and fat free mass after betaine supplementation | Fat mass (kg) and fat free mass (kg) analysis | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Changes in anaerobic capacity after betaine supplementation | The Wingate cycling test (W) | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Changes in specific performance capacity after betaine supplementation | The CrossFit-specific physical fitness test: Fight Gone Bad (reps.) | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in total body water after betaine supplementation | Total body water content (%) | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Changes in testosterone level (ng/L) after betaine supplementation | Testosterone level (ng/L) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emilia E Zawieja, MSc | Contact | +48 61 846 60 57 | emilia.zawieja@up.poznan.pl | |
| Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, PhD | Contact | +48 618 487 338 | durkmich@up.poznan.pl |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Agata Chmurzyńska, Professor | Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences | Recruiting | Poznan | 60-624 | Poland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38876040 | Derived | Zawieja E, Drabinska N, Jelen H, Szwengiel A, Durkalec-Michalski K, Chmurzynska A. Betaine supplementation modulates betaine concentration by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, but has no effect on amino acid profile in healthy active males: A randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study. Nutr Res. 2024 Jul;127:63-74. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.05.003. Epub 2024 May 23. | |
| 37409757 |
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| Placebo treatment | Dietary Supplement | Group taking oral supplementation with placebo (starch) in a similar capsule form. |
|
| Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Changes in amino acid profile after betaine supplementation | Amino acid profile (μmol/L) | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Changes in blood betaine | Blood betaine (µmol/L) | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Changes in total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol after betaine supplementation | Total, LDL and HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) and triacylglycerol (mg/dL) | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Difference in response to betaine supplementation depending on MTHFR (rs1801133) polymorphism | MTHFR (rs1801133) polymorphism | Baseline and after 3 weeks |
| Derived |
| Zawieja E, Durkalec-Michalski K, Sadowski M, Glowka N, Chmurzynska A. Betaine supplementation improves CrossFit performance and increases testosterone levels, but has no influence on Wingate power: randomized crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2023 Dec;20(1):2231411. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2231411. |