Fifteen obese adolescent girls. This arm did not perform any exercise training for 12 weeks. Caloric intake was 1921.7 kcal/day.

Fifteen obese adolescent girls. This arm performed combined exercise training 3 times per a week for 12 weeks. Caloric intake was 1921.7 kcal/day.

The CET program was performed for 60 minutes with 5 minutes of warm-up and cool-down per day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Combined exercise consisted of 20 minutes of various resistant band exercises (Upper body: seated rows, biceps curl, shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, chest press; Lower body: hip flexion, hip extension, calf raise, leg press, squat) and 30 minutes of treadmill walking. The warm-up and cool down consisted of static stretching. Intensity of exercise was gradually increased from 40-50% heart rate reserve (HRR) in weeks 1-4, and to 60-70% HRR in weeks 9-12. Each training session was fully supervised by the researchers. Every subject wore a heart rate monitor during the whole training session so as to maintain the correct training intensity.

Arterial stiffness was measured as measurement of baPWV (m/s).

Levels of Endothelin-1 in blood were measured by Endothelin-1 enzyme immunoassay kit.

Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

Plasma leptin was determined by ELISA kit

Plasma adiponectin was measured using ELISA kit

Body weight was measured to nearest 0.1 kg.

Height was measured to nearest 1 cm.

Waist circumference was measured at midpoint between the lower rib and the iliac crest at the end of a normal expiration using a tape measure