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The purpose of the study is to determine whether a short psychological intervention aiming at optimizing expectations is able to foster positive emotions and whether an intervention inducing positive emotions is able improve participants' expectations. Furthermore, the investigators will examine whether both interventions are effective in buffering the stress response after an acute stressor in a healthy sample compared to a control condition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expectation | Experimental | Participants are asked to think and write about ways how they can positively influence/control the stress during stress induction. They also can think of strategies they used in their past. The purpose of this arm is to improve participants' personal control expectations. |
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| Emotion | Experimental | Participants in this group are asked to write a gratitude-letter to a person they want to thank. The purpose of this arm is to foster positive emotions. |
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| Control | Active Comparator | Participants in this group are asked to do a neutral writing task. The task is to write a protocol of yesterday's to-dos. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Writing task | Behavioral |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in personal control expectation (Item of the Brief IPQ) | Pre-intervention (baseline; T0) vs. Post-intervention (25 minutes after baseline assessment; T1) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in emotions (PANAS) | Pre-intervention (baseline; T0) vs. Post-intervention (25 minutes after baseline assessment; T1) | |
| Subjective stress ratings | Questionnaire items | directly after completing the stress induction (approximately 50 minutes after baseline assessment; T2) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Winfried Rief, Professor | Philipps University Marburg | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Psychology, Philipps University Marburg | Marburg | Hesse | 35032 | Germany |
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| Change in Cortisol levels (saliva sample) | directly (T2), 15 min (T3) and 30 min (T4) after stress induction = 50 min, 65 min and 80 min after baseline assessment | Pre-intervention (baseline; T0) vs.Post-intervention (25 minutes after baseline assessment; T1), directly (T2), 15 min (T3) and 30 min (T4) after stress induction |
| Change in Alpha-Amylase levels (saliva sample) | directly (T2), 15 min (T3) and 30 min (T4) after stress induction = 50 min, 65 min and 80 min after baseline assessment | Pre-intervention (baseline; T0) vs. Post-intervention (25 minutes after baseline assessment; T1), directly (T2), 15 min (T3) and 30 min (T4) after stress induction |