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The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to test a brief psychological intervention that focusses on acceptance of stress in a student population. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Half of the participants follow a one-hour intervention, which includes
Students that receive the intervention will be compared to students that merely received psychoeducation about stress and acceptance to see if the intervention lead to larger increases in well-being.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Experimental | The intervention group follows a one-hour in-person intervention focused on acceptance of stress. Each participant follows this intervention individually. |
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| Control | Active Comparator | The control group follows a 20-minute online psychoeducation at home. Each participant follows this intervention individually. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief Acceptance Intervention | Behavioral | The intervention consist of explanations and exercises about acceptance of stress. The intervention starts with a welcome, after which participants do jumping jacks and then breath through a straw to induce an uncomfortable experience. Next, a Chinese finger trap is used to show the automatic, but often not useful, reaction to avoid stress. Participants then watch a short video that introduces the concept of acceptance, and they do a short, guided meditation. Afterwards, they do the straw exercise again, but this time with instruction to examine and allow uncomfortable experiences. The session ends with a recap and the introduction of the home exercise. Participants install an app that reminds them every hour to do a three-second meditation in which they pay attention to their breathing and body in an accepting way. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Psychological Well-Being | Psychological well-being was measured with the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12, Goldberg & Williams, 1988), which is a unidimensional measure of mental health with good psychometric properties (Romppel et al., 2013). Higher scores on the GHQ-12 indicate more psychological distress and lower well-being. | Change from baseline (1 - 14 days before the intervention/psychoeducation) to post measurement (3 days after the intervention/psychoeducation) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| State Anxiety | The six-item version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Marteau & Bekker, 1992) is a brief, valid, and reliable questionnaire to assess participants' state anxiety. | Change from baseline (1 - 14 days before the intervention/psychoeducation) to post measurement (3 days after the intervention/psychoeducation) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Amsterdam | Amsterdam | North Holland | 1018 WS | Netherlands |
All anonymized individual participant data will be shared. Demographic information that may lead to identification of individuals, such as open questions about education and gender will be removed.
Data will be made available with publication of the journal article. There is no specified time limit for availability.
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| Psychoeducation | Behavioral | In the psychoeducation, participants learn about the stress response, mindfulness, and acceptance. For this, they are guided through a vignette about a student who struggles with stress and then develops a more accepting stance towards it. The psychoeducation explains how acceptance can help to deal with stress but does not instruct participants to apply this in their own life. |
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| Study Stress | A single question was used for study-related stress: How much stress related to studying are you currently experiencing on a scale of 0 (no stress) to 10 (extreme stress)? | Change from baseline (1 - 14 days before the intervention/psychoeducation) to post measurement (3 days after the intervention/psychoeducation) |
| Interoceptive awareness | The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2, Mehling et al., 2018) measured body awareness. In line with Ferentzi and colleagues (2020) and for enhanced psychometric validity, we will combine six subscales to measure a general level of interoception. | Change from baseline (1 - 14 days before the intervention/psychoeducation) to post measurement (3 days after the intervention/psychoeducation) |
| Psychological Flexibility | The Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes questionnaire (CompACT; Francis et al., 2016) measures the underlying processes of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. It has good psychometric properties (Francis et al., 2016). We will be especially interested in the subscale openness to experience, which corresponds to the processes of acceptance and defusion. | Change from baseline (1 - 14 days before the intervention/psychoeducation) to post measurement (3 days after the intervention/psychoeducation) |