Functional and Physiological Changes Induced by Pinhole Glasses in Presbyopia

This study is aimed at presbyopic patients that do not require magnifying glass at close rage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional and physiological changes in eye induced by pinhole glass.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. age over 45 years
2. spherical equivalents(SE) within ± 3.0 diopters(D)
3. normal ocular alignment

Exclusion Criteria:

1. disturbance of accommodation due to any reasons such as an Adie's pupil, Parkinson's disease, a history of previous ocular surgery or trauma, and a history of systemic or topical medication that might affect accommodation
2. corneal pathologic features
3. glaucoma
4. cataracts of grade II or greater by the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III)
5. vitreous and retinal abnormalities that might limit the accuracy of testing