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This study is aimed at presbyopic patients that do not require magnifying glass at close rage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional and physiological changes in eye induced by pinhole glass.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| presbyopia | Experimental | All participants perform all exams under 3 conditions, that is baseline, with out pinhole glasses, and with multiple pinhole glasses |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trayner Pinhole Glasses (Trayner Glasses, Ivybridge Devon, U.K.) | Device |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Distant visual acuity (logMAR) | Distant visual acuity were measured using Snellen chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 4 m. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| BUT | fluorescein is instilled into the subject's tear film and the subject is asked not to blink while the tear film is observed under a broad beam of cobalt blue illumination | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| Near point of accommodation (NPA) | Near point of accommodation (NPA) was measured using Donder's push-up method. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| The fusional convergence | With the subject watching the 20/30 sized fixation target at 40 cm, we take the base-out bar prism on the subject's right eye. While gradually increasing the extent of the prism, the first point that the subject noticed diplopia was defined as the break point. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| Stereopsis | Stereopsis was checked with the Randot Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL, USA). | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| Reading speed (letters per second) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chung-Ang University Hospital | Recruiting | Seoul | 156-755 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30460857 | Derived | Park HH, Park IK, Moon NJ, Chun YS. Clinical feasibility of pinhole glasses in presbyopia. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2019 Mar;29(2):133-140. doi: 10.1177/1120672118810999. Epub 2018 Nov 21. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011305 | Presbyopia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012030 | Refractive Errors |
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
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Reading speed was evaluated using the famous Korean traditional fairy tale book. This Korean book was printed black-and-white with 10-font size. |
| Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| Photopic pupil size (baseline, mm) | Pupil size under photopic conditions (85 cd/m2) was measured using a WASCA Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |
| Pupil size with the one eye pinhole glasses (mm) | Pupil size with the one eye pinhole glasses was measured using a WASCA Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple pinhole and without wearing pinhole with one week apart in random order after baseline study |