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Purpose of this study is to compare the ocular functional changes including pupil size, visual acuity, depth of focus, accommodative amplitude, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis induced by multiple and single pinhole glasses, in addition, to check reading speed and survey for ocular discomfort after using both pinhole glasses.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Experimental | All participants perform all exams under 3 conditions, that is baseline, single pinhole glasses, and multiple pinhole glasses |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trayner Pinhole Glasses (Trayner Glasses, Ivybridge Devon, U.K.) | Device | Wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Distant visual acuity (logMAR) | Distant visual acuity were measured using Snellen chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 4 m. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Photopic pupil size (baseline, mm) | Pupil size under photopic conditions (85 cd/m2) was measured using a WASCA Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Depth of focus | Monocular DOF was checked with a 4-m Snellen chart under distance correction without cycloplegics. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Accommodative amplitude (Diopter) | Near point of accommodation (NPA) was measured using Donder's push-up method. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Standard automated perimetry | Visual field (VF) test was performed with a Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) using the 30-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Contrast sensitivity |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WonSoo Kim, MD | Contact | +82-2-6299-1666 | onewat5@hotmail.com |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chung-Ang University Hospital | Recruiting | Seoul | Seoul | 156-755 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28378561 | Derived | Kim WS, Park IK, Park YK, Chun YS. Comparison of Objective and Subjective Changes Induced by Multiple-Pinhole Glasses and Single-Pinhole Glasses. J Korean Med Sci. 2017 May;32(5):850-857. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.5.850. |
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Monocular contrast sensitivity test was performed using a CSV-1000E Contrast Testing Instrument (VectorVision, Dayton, OH, USA) at 2.5-m distance under standard brightness (85 cd/m2)
| Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Stereopsis (seconds of arc) | Stereopsis was checked with the Randot Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL, USA). | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Reading speed (letters per second) | Reading speed was evaluated using the famous Korean traditional fairy tale book. This Korean book was printed black-and-white with 10-font size. The time taken to read designated 10 pages including 3985 letters was recorded, and then reading speed was calculated as letters per second (LPS). | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Near visual acuity (logMAR) | Near visual acuity using Logarithmic Visual Acuity Chart 2000 (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 40 cm. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |
| Pupil size with the both pinhole glasses (mm) | Pupil size with the both pinhole glasses using the ruler attached to the lateral rim of the glasses. | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. |