The effect of IV PCA with ketorolac or fentanyl combined with caudal block for postoperative analgesia in small children undergoing intravesical ureteroneocystostomy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pediatric patients scheduled for elective ureteroneocystostomy were enrolled.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of allergy to aspirin or NSAIDs
• Peptic ulcer disease, and renal function impairment.
• And local infection foci on back, spinal anomalies
• Infectious diseases
• Neurologic disorders
• Seizures and coagulopathies were excluded for sacral epidural block.