Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants were eligible if they were aged 65 years or older and able to undertake physical activity safely, with no contraindications to increasing their physical activity level

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants were excluded if they met any of the following criteria:

  • Institutionalized or housebound;
  • Three or more falls, or one or more falls requiring medical attention, in the previous year;
  • Terminal illness;
  • Cognitive impairment precluding the ability to follow simple instructions;
  • Blindness;
  • New onset within the previous three months of conditions such as chest pain, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, or angioplasty;
  • Chronic or acute conditions that contraindicated increased physical activity, such as pneumonia, acute rheumatoid arthritis, unstable or acute heart failure, significant neurological disease or impairment, inability to move about independently, or severe psychiatric disorders;
  • Already physically active, defined as self-reported attainment of any of the three public health physical activity recommendations for older adults (aerobic activity, muscle-strengthening activity, or balance training), because the intervention was specifically designed for inactive older adults.