Patients receive dental implants combined with hyaluronic acid gel applied at the implant site.

Patients receive dental implants combined with hyaluronic acid gel and particulate bone graft applied at the implant site.

Patients receive standard dental implants placement alone without any adjunctive materials.

Surgical placement of dental implants, followed by the application of hyaluronic acid gel at the implant site, was performed to evaluate its impact on peri-implant tissue phenotype.

The changes in Ridge Width is measured at the reference points using a digital vernier caliper.

Measured in millimeters by subtracting the buccal and lingual mucosal thickness from the ridge width.

Measured in millimeters at the mid-buccal aspect of the implant site using an endodontic rotary file and digital vernier caliper.

Measured in millimeters at the buccal, crestal and lingual reference points using a periodontal probe and a digital vernier caliper.

Measured in millimeters on periapical radiographs using digital software from the crestal bone level to the crest of crestal oral mucosa 5 mm away from the height distal surface of the adjacent tooth on the mesial side of the implant.

Measured in millimeters on periapical radiographs using digital software from the second serration on the mesial side of the implant to the crest of the bone.

Patients received a standardized pain assessment chart for self-evaluation over seven consecutive postoperative days. This chart featured an 11-point (0-10) Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) integrated with the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and supplemented with descriptive pain expressions ranging from a minimum value of 0 (representing no pain) to a maximum value of 10 (representing the worst possible pain), where higher scores indicate a worse outcome (greater pain severity).