Participants in the control group received standard preprocedural education through verbal explanation and a question-and-answer session delivered by the anesthesiologist. The education was based on the standard anesthesia education materials used at RSUP Persahabatan. APAIS scores were assessed before and immediately after the education session.

Participants in the intervention group received standard preprocedural verbal education and a question-and-answer session delivered by the anesthesiologist. In addition, they received audiovisual education through a video presented on a tablet. The video provided information about bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. APAIS scores were assessed before and immediately after the education session.

Participants received standard preprocedural verbal education and a question-and-answer session delivered by the anesthesiologist. In addition, participants watched an audiovisual educational video about bronchoscopy under general anesthesia on a tablet. The video was designed to provide consistent information about the procedure and anesthesia process, improve patient understanding, and reduce preprocedural anxiety. The APAIS questionnaire was completed before and immediately after the education session.

The pre-education total APAIS score was assessed before any educational intervention was delivered, using the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS). The APAIS consists of six items scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("extremely"), with higher total scores indicating greater preprocedural anxiety and information need.

The pre-education total APAIS score was assessed before any educational intervention was delivered, using the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS). The APAIS consists of six items scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("extremely"), with higher total scores indicating greater preprocedural anxiety and information need.