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The study aims to investigate, through the use of electroencephalography (EEG), instantaneous brain states, namely rapid oscillations of the brain's electrical activity, and their relationship with behavior and brain functions. The study will focus on three main objectives: (1) establishing a relationship between brain oscillations and behavior; (2) establishing a relationship between brain oscillations and brain functions, in terms of neural responsiveness; and (3) identifying the different phases of brain oscillations and investigating any related modulations of behavior and brain functions.
PHAROS will combine EEG with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate and modulate brain states non-invasively.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real motion | Experimental | Participants will be asked to perform a possible motor imagery task: imagining an abduction movement of the right index finger. Each session will consist of three blocks, counterbalanced across participants. During these blocks, single TMS pulses will be delivered at different phases of the EEG oscillation: positive peak, negative peak, and random phase, the latter serving as the control condition. |
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| No motion | Sham Comparator | Participants will be asked to perform a possible motor imagery task: imagining the right index finger remaining still, which will serve as the control condition. Each session will consist of three blocks, counterbalanced across participants. During these blocks, single TMS pulses will be delivered at different phases of the EEG oscillation: positive peak, negative peak, and random phase, the latter serving as the control condition. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral Treatment | Other | Imagining an abduction movement of the right index finger |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Motor-evoked potential | Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) will be recorded from the right index-finger abductor muscle following single-pulse TMS delivered over the primary motor cortex. MEPs will be used as an index of corticospinal excitability. The main outcome measure will be the peak-to-peak MEP amplitude, calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum EMG signal within the post-stimulation time window. | Baseline |
| Motor-evoked potential | Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) will be recorded from the right index-finger abductor muscle following single-pulse TMS delivered over the primary motor cortex. MEPs will be used as an index of corticospinal excitability. The main outcome measure will be the peak-to-peak MEP amplitude, calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum EMG signal within the post-stimulation time window. | Immediately after the intervention |
| TMS-evoked potential | TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) will be recorded using EEG following single-pulse TMS. TEPs will be used as an index of cortical responsiveness to stimulation. The main outcome measures will be the amplitude and latency of the main TEP components within predefined post-stimulation time windows. | Baseline |
| TMS-evoked potential | TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) will be recorded using EEG following single-pulse TMS. TEPs will be used as an index of cortical responsiveness to stimulation. The main outcome measures will be the amplitude and latency of the main TEP components within predefined post-stimulation time windows. | Immediately after the intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy | Venice-Lido | Italy |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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| Behavioral Treatment |
| Other |
Imagining the right index finger remaining still, which will serve as the control condition |
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