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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R01MH111889 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | NIH |
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Purpose: In this study, the investigators will provide causal evidence for the role of alpha and theta oscillations in cognitive control.
Participants: Participants must be healthy, between the ages of 18 and 35, right handed, able to provide informed consent, willing to comply with all study procedures, and be available for the duration of the study, speak and understand English.
Procedures: Alpha and theta brain oscillations will be measured and then entrained using frequency specific rhythmic TMS during a retrospective cued cognitive control task.
Neural oscillations are proposed to be a mechanism of coordinating information processing across distributed regions of cortex. Different neural oscillations may correspond to different underlying neural computations. Noninvasive brain stimulation allows experimenters to modulate specific neural oscillations by targeting particular frequency bands. By collecting simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG), rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been previously demonstrated to entrain neural oscillations at the frequency of stimulation. Furthermore, when the frequency of entrained neural oscillations is matched to the frequency of endogenous activity in a cognitive task, the brain stimulation improves behavioral performance. Therefore, noninvasive brain stimulation is a promising tool for improving cognition by inducing optimal neural activity via externally applied electromagnetic fields; e.g. cognitive control improvements.
Previous evidence has implicated neural activity in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) in information suppression and activity in the theta band (4-7 Hz) in information prioritization. Cognitive control task paradigms have been shown to elicit distinct activity in both of these bands. In this task, the stimuli are lateralized to the right and left visual field during encoding. After a short delay, a cue informs participants which stimuli (right or left) will be tested. Previous evidence found that alpha activity in parietal cortex is generated contralateral to irrelevant stimuli-supporting the role of alpha in information suppression-while theta activity in frontal cortex increases with the number of stimuli to be remembered-supporting the role of theta in information prioritization.
For the current study, the investigators propose to deliver rhythmic trains of TMS in either alpha frequency, theta frequency, or an arrhythmic control to modulate neural processing during a cognitive control task. By collecting simultaneous EEG with TMS, the investigators will be able to measure the entrained oscillations from rhythmic TMS. The goal of this experiment is to enhance the observed theta and alpha activity that is seen with the successful prioritization and suppression of information. To provide causal evidence that parietal cortex generates alpha activity and frontal cortex generates theta activity, the investigators will apply rhythmic TMS stimulation to two scalp locations: the anterior middle frontal gyrus and inferior intraparietal sulcus. By applying alpha frequency, theta frequency, and arrhythmic TMS at each location, the investigators will be able to examine the causal relationship of frontal theta oscillations in information prioritization and parietal alpha oscillations in information suppression.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| TMS to frontal cortex followed by TMS to parietal cortex | Experimental | Participants will receive TMS while performing a cognitive control task. In their first stimulation session, the TMS coil will be placed over the frontal cortex on the scalp. In their second session, the TMS coil will be placed over the parietal cortex on the scalp. During every session, subjects receive Theta TMS, Alpha TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
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| TMS to parietal cortex followed by TMS to frontal cortex | Experimental | Participants will receive TMS while performing a cognitive control task. In their first stimulation session, the TMS coil will be placed over the parietal cortex on the scalp. In their second session, the TMS coil will be placed over the frontal cortex on the scalp. During every session, subjects receive Theta TMS, Alpha TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theta TMS | Device | TMS will be administered at the frequency of each subject's endogenous theta oscillation (4-7Hz) |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Remembered Items | Participants make a button press on a keyboard to indicate if the probed items are matched or non-matched to the items held in memory after a retrospective cue is presented. The investigators calculate the percent correct for non-match conditions, defined as the hit rate, and the percent incorrect for match conditions, defined as the false alarm rate. The number of remembered items, often referred to as working memory capacity, is calculated as the number of items to be remembered (2, 3, or 4) times the hit rate minus the false alarm rate, divided by one minus the false alarm rate. The range of values is 0 to 4 where larger values mean better performance. For TMS to frontal cortex, working memory capacity is reported when the participant was cued to the right. For TMS to parietal cortex, working memory capacity is reported when the participant was cued to the left. | 1 week |
| Amplitude of Neural Oscillations | The electrical activity of the brain is recorded during performance of the task and brain stimulation. The investigators will perform Morlet wavelet convolution on the recorded electrical signal to calculate the amplitude of neural oscillations in the frequency bands: theta (4-7 hertz) and alpha (8-12 hertz). The amplitude of neural oscillations is reported during the second half of stimulation in the region that is being stimulated. The amplitude is normalized for each participant as the percent change from the amplitude during the baseline period (before the task begins). For TMS to frontal cortex the amplitude of theta oscillations are reported and for TMS to parietal cortex the amplitude of alpha oscillations are reported. | 1 week |
| Response Time | Participants make a button press on a keyboard to indicate if the probe items are matched or non-matched to the items held in memory after a retrospective cue is presented. The investigators will calculate the response time of this choice as the difference between the time of the button press and presentation of the probe. For TMS to frontal cortex, response time is reported when the participant was cued to the right. For TMS to parietal cortex, response time is reported when the participant was cued to the left. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Flavio Frohlich, PhD | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Chapel Hill | North Carolina | 27516 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28343866 | Background | Albouy P, Weiss A, Baillet S, Zatorre RJ. Selective Entrainment of Theta Oscillations in the Dorsal Stream Causally Enhances Auditory Working Memory Performance. Neuron. 2017 Apr 5;94(1):193-206.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.015. Epub 2017 Mar 23. | |
| 24268290 | Background | Roux F, Uhlhaas PJ. Working memory and neural oscillations: alpha-gamma versus theta-gamma codes for distinct WM information? Trends Cogn Sci. 2014 Jan;18(1):16-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.010. Epub 2013 Nov 19. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | TMS to Frontal Cortex Followed by TMS to Parietal Cortex | Participants will receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while performing a cognitive control task. In the first stimulation session, the TMS coil will be placed over the frontal cortex on the scalp. In the second session, the TMS coil will be placed over the parietal cortex on the scalp. During every session, participants receive Alpha TMS, Theta TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
| FG001 | TMS to Parietal Cortex Followed by TMS to Frontal Cortex | Participants will receive TMS while performing a cognitive control task. In their first stimulation session, the TMS coil will be placed over the parietal cortex on the scalp. In their second session, the TMS coil will be placed over the frontal cortex on the scalp. During every session, participants receive Alpha TMS, Theta TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline |
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| Pre-Randomization (1 Week) |
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| First Intervention |
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| First Washout (1 Week) |
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| Second Intervention |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | All Participants | Participants will receive TMS while performing a cognitive control task. In one stimulation session, the TMS coil will be placed over the frontal cortex on the scalp. In another session, the TMS coil will be placed over the parietal cortex on the scalp. During every session, participants receive Alpha TMS, Theta TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Number of Remembered Items | Participants make a button press on a keyboard to indicate if the probed items are matched or non-matched to the items held in memory after a retrospective cue is presented. The investigators calculate the percent correct for non-match conditions, defined as the hit rate, and the percent incorrect for match conditions, defined as the false alarm rate. The number of remembered items, often referred to as working memory capacity, is calculated as the number of items to be remembered (2, 3, or 4) times the hit rate minus the false alarm rate, divided by one minus the false alarm rate. The range of values is 0 to 4 where larger values mean better performance. For TMS to frontal cortex, working memory capacity is reported when the participant was cued to the right. For TMS to parietal cortex, working memory capacity is reported when the participant was cued to the left. | 54 participants were randomized into the experiment arms. 5 participants did not complete both arms and are excluded from analysis. In addition, data from 2 participant was corrupted and 5 participants were excluded due to poor task performance. Analysis was run on 42 participants. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | number of remembered items | 1 week |
Adverse events were systematically assessed after the 3 hour session for both arms. Each session was 1 week apart. Thus, adverse events were monitored for approximately 1 week.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | TMS to Frontal Cortex | Participants receive TMS to frontal cortex while performing a cognitive control task. During every session, participants receive Theta TMS, Alpha TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Justin Riddle, PhD | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 919-966-4755 | justin_riddle@med.unc.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 10, 2019 | Sep 5, 2020 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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|
| Alpha TMS | Device | TMS will be administered at the frequency of each subject's endogenous alpha oscillation (8-12 Hz) |
|
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| Arrhythmic TMS | Device | TMS will be administered arrhythmically; i.e. a sequence of pulses with randomized timing |
|
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| 1 week |
| 26447583 | Background | Fries P. Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through Coherence. Neuron. 2015 Oct 7;88(1):220-35. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.034. |
| 24684933 | Background | Hanslmayr S, Matuschek J, Fellner MC. Entrainment of prefrontal beta oscillations induces an endogenous echo and impairs memory formation. Curr Biol. 2014 Apr 14;24(8):904-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.007. Epub 2014 Mar 27. |
| 16887192 | Background | Klimesch W, Sauseng P, Hanslmayr S. EEG alpha oscillations: the inhibition-timing hypothesis. Brain Res Rev. 2007 Jan;53(1):63-88. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003. Epub 2006 Aug 1. |
| 30075276 | Background | Popov T, Popova P, Harkotte M, Awiszus B, Rockstroh B, Miller GA. Cross-frequency interactions between frontal theta and posterior alpha control mechanisms foster working memory. Neuroimage. 2018 Nov 1;181:728-733. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.067. Epub 2018 Jul 31. |
| 29073084 | Background | Reinhart RMG. Disruption and rescue of interareal theta phase coupling and adaptive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Oct 24;114(43):11542-11547. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1710257114. Epub 2017 Oct 9. |
| 27697295 | Background | Romei V, Thut G, Silvanto J. Information-Based Approaches of Noninvasive Transcranial Brain Stimulation. Trends Neurosci. 2016 Nov;39(11):782-795. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.001. Epub 2016 Sep 30. |
| 21723129 | Background | Thut G, Veniero D, Romei V, Miniussi C, Schyns P, Gross J. Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures. Curr Biol. 2011 Jul 26;21(14):1176-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049. Epub 2011 Jun 30. |
| 26042457 | Background | Wallis G, Stokes M, Cousijn H, Woolrich M, Nobre AC. Frontoparietal and Cingulo-opercular Networks Play Dissociable Roles in Control of Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2015 Oct;27(10):2019-34. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00838. Epub 2015 Jun 4. |
| 20664082 | Background | Wang XJ. Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. Physiol Rev. 2010 Jul;90(3):1195-268. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2008. |
| 29538384 | Background | Wolinski N, Cooper NR, Sauseng P, Romei V. The speed of parietal theta frequency drives visuospatial working memory capacity. PLoS Biol. 2018 Mar 14;16(3):e2005348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005348. eCollection 2018 Mar. |
| 21331668 | Background | Rouder JN, Morey RD, Morey CC, Cowan N. How to measure working memory capacity in the change detection paradigm. Psychon Bull Rev. 2011 Apr;18(2):324-30. doi: 10.3758/s13423-011-0055-3. |
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| years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Number of Remembered Items | Participants make a button press on a keyboard to indicate if the probed items are matched or non-matched to the items held in memory after a retrospective cue. The percent correct for non-match conditions is defined as the hit rate, and the percent incorrect for match condition is defined as the false alarm rate. The number of remembered items, often referred to as working memory capacity, is calculated as the number of items presented (2, 3, or 4) times the hit rate minus the false alarm rate, divided by one minus false alarm rate. Range of values is 0 to 4 where larger is better. | Mean | Standard Deviation | number of remembered items |
|
| Response Time | Participants make a button press on a keyboard to indicate if the probe items are matched or non-matched to the items held in memory after a retrospective cue is presented. The investigators will calculate the response time of this choice as the difference between the time of the button press and presentation of the probe. A faster response time represents better performance. | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds |
|
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| OG000 | TMS to Frontal Cortex | Participants receive TMS to frontal cortex while performing a cognitive control task. During every session, participants receive Theta TMS, Alpha TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
| OG001 | TMS to Parietal Cortex | Participants receive TMS to parietal cortex while performing a cognitive control task. During every session, participants receive Theta TMS, Alpha TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. |
|
|
|
| Primary | Amplitude of Neural Oscillations | The electrical activity of the brain is recorded during performance of the task and brain stimulation. The investigators will perform Morlet wavelet convolution on the recorded electrical signal to calculate the amplitude of neural oscillations in the frequency bands: theta (4-7 hertz) and alpha (8-12 hertz). The amplitude of neural oscillations is reported during the second half of stimulation in the region that is being stimulated. The amplitude is normalized for each participant as the percent change from the amplitude during the baseline period (before the task begins). For TMS to frontal cortex the amplitude of theta oscillations are reported and for TMS to parietal cortex the amplitude of alpha oscillations are reported. | 54 participants were randomized into the experiment arms. 5 participants did not complete both arms and are excluded from analysis. In addition, data from 2 participant was corrupted and 5 participants were excluded due to poor task performance. Analysis was run on 42 participants. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | microvolts | 1 week |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Response Time | Participants make a button press on a keyboard to indicate if the probe items are matched or non-matched to the items held in memory after a retrospective cue is presented. The investigators will calculate the response time of this choice as the difference between the time of the button press and presentation of the probe. For TMS to frontal cortex, response time is reported when the participant was cued to the right. For TMS to parietal cortex, response time is reported when the participant was cued to the left. | 54 participants were randomized into the experiment arms. 5 participants did not complete both arms and are excluded from analysis. In addition, data from 2 participant was corrupted and 5 participants were excluded due to poor task performance. Analysis was run on 42 participants. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | 1 week |
|
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|
|
| 0 |
| 53 |
| 0 |
| 53 |
| 25 |
| 53 |
| EG001 | TMS to Parietal Cortex | Participants receive TMS to parietal cortex while performing a cognitive control task. During every session, participants receive Theta TMS, Alpha TMS, and Arrhythmic TMS. | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 25 | 50 |
| Neck pain | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Scalp pain | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Tingling | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Ringing or buzzing noise | Ear and labyrinth disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Burning sensation | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Local redness | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Sleepiness | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Trouble concentrating | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Dizziness | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Flickering lights | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Itching | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Arrhythmic TMS |
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| Arrhythmic TMS |
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