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This study aims to compare the effects of upper-limb plyometric training and traditional strength training on serve velocity, muscular strength, and power in competitive tennis players. Serve velocity is a critical performance factor in tennis, and optimizing upper-limb function is essential for enhancing performance.
Participants will be randomly assigned to either a plyometric training group or a strength training group. Both groups will undergo structured training programs over a defined intervention period. Outcome measures, including serve velocity, upper-limb strength, and power, will be assessed at baseline and after the completion of the intervention.
The findings of this study will help determine the most effective training approach for improving performance in tennis players and may guide coaches, athletes, and rehabilitation professionals in designing evidence-based training programs.
Tennis performance is highly dependent on the ability to generate force, speed, and coordination, particularly during the serve. Upper-limb strength and power play a crucial role in producing high serve velocity, which is a key determinant of competitive success. Various training approaches have been used to enhance these physical attributes, including traditional resistance training and plyometric training.
Plyometric training focuses on explosive movements that utilize the stretch-shortening cycle, potentially improving neuromuscular efficiency and power output. In contrast, traditional strength training emphasizes muscle force production through controlled resistance exercises. While both approaches are widely used, there is limited comparative evidence regarding their effectiveness in improving tennis-specific performance, particularly serve velocity.
This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of upper-limb plyometric training and strength training on serve velocity, muscular strength, and power in competitive tennis players. Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups: a plyometric training group and a strength training group. Each group will follow a structured training program for a specified duration under supervised conditions.
Outcome measures will include serve velocity (measured using a radar gun or equivalent device), upper-limb muscular strength (assessed through standardized strength tests), and power (evaluated using validated performance tests). Assessments will be conducted at baseline and after completion of the intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upper-Limb Plyometric Training Group | Experimental | Participants in this group will undergo an upper-limb plyometric training program designed to improve explosive strength and power. The program will include exercises such as medicine ball throws, plyometric push-ups, and overhead throws. Training sessions will be conducted three times per week for six weeks under supervision, with progressive intensity based on participant performance. |
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| Upper-Limb Strength Training Group | Active Comparator | Participants in this group will perform a traditional upper-limb strength training program aimed at improving muscular strength. The program will include resistance exercises such as bench press, shoulder press, and resistance band training. Sessions will be conducted three times per week for six weeks under supervision, with progressive overload applied throughout the intervention period. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper limb Plyometric Training | Other | A supervised upper-limb plyometric training program designed to enhance explosive power through stretch-shortening cycle activities. The intervention includes medicine ball throws, plyometric push-ups, and reactive upper-limb drills performed with progressive intensity over 8 weeks. The program targets rapid force production and neuromuscular coordination relevant to tennis serve performance. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Chest Medicine Ball Throw | The seated chest medicine ball throw (SMBT) will be used to assess upper limb explosive power following standardized protocols from previous research. Participants sat with their back supported and feet flat on the floor, then performed maximal effort chest pass throws using a medicine ball (3 kg). After a warm up, each participant completed two to three trials with 1-2 minutes of rest, the distance from the chest to the first point of ball contact will be measured in meters; the longest throw or the mean of the best trials was recorded as the upper limb power score. | Baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention |
| Serve Velocity | Serve velocity will be measured using a handheld sports radar gun positioned approximately 2-3 meters behind the baseline and aligned with the ball's flight path to minimize measurement error. Following a standardized warm-up protocol, each participant will perform 5-10 maximal-effort flat serves from the deuce court using the dominant arm. Only serves landing within the service box will be considered valid. Adequate rest intervals will be provided between trials to minimize fatigue effects. The radar gun will record peak ball velocity immediately after ball release. The mean of the best three valid serves will be used for statistical analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention |
| 1 Repetition Maximum | Upper-limb muscular strength will be assessed using the one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press test. Participants will perform a standardized general warm-up followed by specific warm-up sets at 50%, 70%, and 85% of their estimated 1RM. The test will begin with a load close to the estimated 1RM, and participants will attempt to lift the weight once using correct technique. If successful, the load will be progressively increased, with 3-5 minutes of rest between attempts, until the participant fails to complete a successful lift with proper form. The highest weight successfully lifted will be recorded as the 1RM and used as the measure of maximal upper-limb strength. | Baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sadaqat Saleem, MS. Sports Physical Therapy | Contact | +923489221909 | sadaqatsaleem36@gmail.com | |
| Hafsah Gul Khattak, DPT, MS-NMPT | Contact | 923457170732 | hafsah.khattak@uipt.iiui.edu.pk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hafsah Gul Khattak, DPT, MS-NMPT | IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD (IIUI) | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ibadat International University, Islamabad (Iiui) | Recruiting | Islamabad | 46000 | Pakistan |
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Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: an upper-limb plyometric training group or a strength training group. Each group will receive its respective intervention over the study duration, and outcomes will be compared between groups.
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Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: an upper-limb plyometric training group or a strength training group. Each group will receive its respective intervention over the study duration, and outcomes will be compared between groups.
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| Conventional Strength Training | Other | A supervised upper-limb resistance training program aimed at improving maximal muscle strength and stability. The intervention includes structured resistance exercises targeting the shoulder, arm, and scapular muscles with progressive overload over 8 weeks. The program focuses on controlled force production to support tennis-specific performance. |
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