Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This randomized controlled study aims to investigate the acute effects of a single session of web-based visual training on balance, reaction time, and cognitive function in professional e-sports players. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a web-based visual training group or a control group. The intervention group will receive a single approximately 25-minute session including eye relaxation, eye movement exercises, convergence-divergence, accommodation, figure-ground perception, and visual attention exercises. The control group will receive no intervention. Balance, reaction time, and cognitive function will be assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single-Session Web-Based Visual Training | Experimental |
| |
| Control group | No Intervention |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web-Based Visual Training | Behavioral | Participants received a single session of web-based visual training lasting approximately 25 minutes. The session included eye relaxation, eye movement exercises, convergence-divergence, accommodation, figure-ground perception, and visual attention exercises. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Reaction Time | Reaction time will be measured using an LED-based system. The average reaction time (ms) and the number of correct responses will be recorded. | Baseline and immediately post-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Balance | Balance will be assessed using the One-Leg Balance Test. The duration of maintaining single-leg stance will be recorded. | Baseline and immediately post-intervention |
| Cognitive Function |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balikesir University | Balıkesir | Bigadiç | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37800783 | Background | Zhang W, Wang X, Li X, Yan H, Song Y, Li X, Zhang W, Ma G. Effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive function in E-athletes: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Oct 6;102(40):e35108. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035108. | |
| Background | Ünver, F., Özkan, F., & Ülkar, B. (2005). Ön çapraz bağ tamiri yapılan kişilerde postüral kontrolün incelenmesi. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon, 16(1), 17-24. | ||
| 32593750 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
Cognitive function will be assessed through selective attention performance during the LED-based reaction task. The number of correct responses will be recorded.
| Baseline and immediately post-intervention |
| Background |
| Sainz I, Collado-Mateo D, Coso JD. Effect of acute caffeine intake on hit accuracy and reaction time in professional e-sports players. Physiol Behav. 2020 Oct 1;224:113031. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113031. Epub 2020 Jun 25. |
| 36828319 | Background | Rossoni A, Vecchiato M, Brugin E, Tranchita E, Adami PE, Bartesaghi M, Cavarretta E, Palermi S. The eSports Medicine: Pre-Participation Screening and Injuries Management-An Update. Sports (Basel). 2023 Feb 1;11(2):34. doi: 10.3390/sports11020034. |
| Background | Pappas, C., Turner, T., Wulf, G., & Ketcham, C. J. (2019). Reaction time and cognitive control mechanisms among esports athletes: Evidence for a training advantage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 41, 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.008 |
| 32841263 | Background | Nagorsky E, Wiemeyer J. The structure of performance and training in esports. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 25;15(8):e0237584. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237584. eCollection 2020. |
| 38632364 | Background | Lachowicz M, Zurek A, Jamro D, Serweta-Pawlik A, Zurek G. Changes in concentration performance and alternating attention after short-term virtual reality training in E-athletes: a pilot study. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 17;14(1):8904. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59539-w. |
| Background | Khanal, S. (2015). Impact of visual skills training on sports performance: Current and future perspectives. Advances in Ophthalmology and Visual System, 2(1), 32. |
| Background | Karrer, T. M., McDonnell, J. V., & Bavelier, D. (2020). Action video gaming and its impact on cognition: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 128-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000220 |
| Background | Jeon, S., Kim, Y., & Park, H. (2022). Perceptual-motor abilities of professional esports gamers and amateurs. Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports, 1(1), 49-61. |
| 35886550 | Background | Jankovic D, Cvorovic A, Dopsaj M, Prcic I, Kukic F. Effects of the Task Complexity on the Single Movement Response Time of Upper and Lower Limbs in Police Officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jul 17;19(14):8695. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19148695. |
| 35470342 | Background | Franks RR, King D, Bodine W, Chisari E, Heller A, Jamal F 4th, Luksch J, Quinn K, Singh R, Solomon M. AOASM Position Statement on Esports, Active Video Gaming, and the Role of the Sports Medicine Physician. Clin J Sport Med. 2022 May 1;32(3):e221-e229. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001034. |
| Background | Bavelier, D., & Green, C. S. (2019). Enhancing attention and cognitive control in video game players. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(4), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.009 |
| Background | Barnett, A. (2018). Vision skills that boost esports performance. Vizual Edge. |