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This study aims to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) with different training volumes on immune modulation and anti-inflammatory responses in older adults. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three RT volume groups (low, medium, or high) or a non-exercise control group. Participants in the training groups will complete a 4-week RT program, followed by a 4-week detraining phase. The findings are expected to provide evidence for volume-specific RT prescriptions to support healthy aging.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| low training volume resistance exercise | Experimental | Participants assigned to the low-volume resistance training group will perform one set per exercise at a load corresponding to 80% of 1RM. Each set will be terminated when movement velocity decreases by 30% from the first repetition. Rest intervals of 2-3 minutes will be provided between exercises. |
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| medium training volume resistance exercise | Experimental | Participants assigned to the medium-volume resistance training group will perform three sets per exercise at 80% of 1RM. Each set will be terminated when movement velocity decreases by 30% relative to the first repetition. Rest intervals of 90 seconds will be provided between sets, and 2-3 minutes between exercises. |
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| high training volume resistance exercise | Experimental | Participants assigned to the high-volume resistance training group will perform five sets per exercise at 80% of 1RM. Each set will be terminated when movement velocity decreases by 30% relative to the first repetition. Rest intervals of 90 seconds will be provided between sets, and 2-3 minutes between exercises. |
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| sedentary control | No Intervention | Participants in control trial stayed sedentary during the period. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance exercise | Other | The RT program will consist of 12 sessions over a 4-week period, with participants training three times per week and at least one rest day between sessions. All sessions will be supervised by research personnel to ensure proper technique and safety. Exercises will be performed using resistance machines and will include chest press, shoulder press, seated row, lat pulldown, and leg press. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in IL-6 concentration | Plasma IL-6 concentrations will be measured and reported in pg/mL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in soluble IL-6 receptor concentration | Soluble IL-6 receptor concentrations will be measured and reported in ng/mL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in soluble gp130 concentration | Soluble gp130 concentrations will be measured and reported in ng/mL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in IL-10 concentration | IL-10 concentrations will be measured and reported in pg/mL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in IL-1RA concentration | IL-1RA concentrations will be measured and reported in pg/mL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in TNF-α concentration | TNF-α concentrations will be measured and reported in pg/mL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Borgs Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Borgs RPE is a method of estimating exertion rating, based on a 1 to 10 rating scale (1 being the no exertion at all, 10 being maximal exertion). | 1-hour during each exercise intervention |
| Handgrip strength |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shun-Hsi Tsai, Ph.D. | Contact | +88686741111 | 68523 | shunhsi@mail.ntpu.edu.tw |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Shun-Hsi Tsai, Ph.D. | National Taipei University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Taiwan Normal University | Recruiting | Taipei | 116 | Taiwan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055070 | Resistance Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
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Maximal handgrip strength will be assessed using a digital hand dynamometer and reported in kilograms.
| Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Knee extension strength | Maximal voluntary isometric and isokinetic concentric knee extension strength of the dominant leg will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer and reported in Newton-meters. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| 30-second chair-stand test | Lower-body functional capacity will be assessed by the number of repetitions completed during a 30-second chair-stand test. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Single-leg balance test | Balance performance will be assessed as the duration of single-leg stance and reported in seconds. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Timed up and go test | Functional mobility will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go test, with performance quantified as the time (seconds) required to stand up from a seated position, walk 3 meters, turn, walk back, and sit down. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in SHIP1 protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) | Intracellular SHIP1 protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in gp130 (CD130) protein expression in PBMCs | Intracellular gp130 (CD130) protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in STAT3 protein expression in PBMCs | Intracellular STAT3 protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in phosphorylated STAT3 protein expression in PBMCs | Intracellular phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in IL-6 receptor alpha (CD126) protein expression in PBMCs | Intracellular IL-6 receptor alpha (CD126) protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) protein expression in PBMCs | Intracellular β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in SOCS3 protein expression in PBMCs | Intracellular SOCS3 protein expression in PBMCs will be measured and reported in arbitrary units. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in white blood cell count | Total white blood cell count will be measured and reported in cells/μL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in lymphocyte count | Lymphocyte count will be measured and reported in cells/μL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in neutrophil count | Neutrophil count will be measured and reported in cells/μL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Changes in monocyte count | Monocyte count will be measured and reported in cells/μL. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Body fat percentage | Body fat percentage will be measured using a body composition analyzer and reported as a percentage. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| Lean body mass | Total lean body mass will be measured using a body composition analyzer and reported in kilograms. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks), and at 2 and 4 weeks during detraining |
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D064797 | Physical Conditioning, Human |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |