Although there are many studies in the literature concerning with methods of bonding of mandibular retainers whether directly or indirectly, there is a very limited evidence regarding their chair side time and bond failure. Also there are scarce data on 3D printed fixed mandibular retainers. Choic

Inclusion Criteria:

• Inclusion Criteria:

  • Patients with properly finished orthodontic treatment.
  • No sex predilection.
  • The presence of 4 permanent mandibular incisors and 2 permanent mandibular canines.
  • No active caries, restorations, fractures, or periodontal disease of previously mentioned teeth
  • Patients with good oral

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with no need of fixed mandibular retention.
• Enamel hypoplasia or hypocalcification of mandibular anterior teeth.
• Abnormal morphology of mandibular anterior teeth
• Periodontal disease that contraindicates fixed orthodontic retention.
• No or poor patient's compliance & bad oral hygiene.
• Psychological problems.