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This study investigated the effects of different caffeine delivery forms on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in healthy adults. Participants completed experimental trials involving caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse conditions. Aerobic performance was assessed using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic test. The study used a randomized crossover design where each participant completed all experimental conditions.
Caffeine is widely used as an ergogenic aid to enhance athletic performance. Different forms of caffeine administration such as capsules, chewing gum, and mouth rinses may produce different physiological responses due to differences in absorption rate and oral receptor stimulation. However, limited research has directly compared these delivery methods within the same participants.
This randomized crossover study aimed to compare the effects of caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Fourteen healthy adults participated in the study and completed experimental trials under each caffeine condition. Aerobic performance was measured using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), while anaerobic performance was assessed using the Wingate anaerobic test. The results of this study may help clarify the effectiveness of different caffeine delivery forms for improving exercise performance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeine Capsule | Experimental | Participants ingest 300 mg of anhydrous caffeine in tablet form with 100 mL of water exactly 60 minutes prior to exercise. This timing is selected to allow for gastrointestinal absorption and to reach peak plasma concentration. |
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| Caffeine Gum | Experimental | Participants chew caffeinated gum (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 5 minutes, finishing just before the exercises begin. This method utilizes rapid transmucosal absorption through the oral mucosa to potentially bypass first-pass metabolism. |
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| Caffeine Mouth Rinse | Experimental | Participants rinse with 25 mL of a 1.2% caffeine solution (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 10 seconds immediately before the exercises and then expectorate the solution completely. Swallowing is strictly prohibited to ensure the effect is triggered primarily through oropharyngeal receptors rather than systemic absorption. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun | Other | This study evaluates the acute effects of three distinct caffeine delivery methods compared to a placebo, using a standardized total dose of 300 mg of caffeine across all active interventions. The study is a randomized, single-blind, counterbalanced crossover trial involving 14 recreational male athletes. The interventions are distinguished by their specific absorption kinetics and ecologically valid administration timings |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) | Description: Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).Metric: Milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min) | Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention |
| Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) | Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test). | Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention |
| Anaerobic Average Power | The mean power output maintained over the duration of a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test | Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Having at least 2 years of regular training history (3-4 days per week).
Being a non-smoker and having no chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries.
Willingness to abstain from caffeine, alcohol, and strenuous exercise 48 hours before each test session.
Exclusion Criteria:
Using any other performance-enhancing supplements during the study period.
Failure to adhere to the standardized nutritional or sleep requirements before testing.
Inability to complete all four experimental trials (Capsule, Gum, Rinse, Placebo).
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaziantep University, Faculty of Sport Science (Athletic Performance Laboratory) | Şehitkamil | Gaziantep | 27310 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34607 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0776-1 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1601261 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010008 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 | ||
| Background | https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0070 |
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The individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices), will be made available to researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. Data will be available beginning 6 months and ending 36 months following publication. Requests should be directed to mehmetvrl27@hotmail.com. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.
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Participants completed all experimental conditions in a randomized crossover order. Each participant performed exercise tests under three different caffeine administration conditions (caffeine capsule, caffeine gum, and caffeine mouth rinse). The order of the conditions was randomized, and adequate washout periods were provided between trials to minimize carryover effects.
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| Background | https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v25i3.14659 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002214 | Capsules |
| D002638 | Chewing Gum |
| D009067 | Mouthwashes |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004304 | Dosage Forms |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |
| D053149 | Plant Gums |
| D001704 | Biopolymers |
| D011108 | Polymers |
| D046911 | Macromolecular Substances |
| D011134 | Polysaccharides |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
| D053147 | Plant Exudates |
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
| D002182 | Candy |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
| D001697 | Biomedical and Dental Materials |
| D020313 | Specialty Uses of Chemicals |
| D020164 | Chemical Actions and Uses |
| D003358 | Cosmetics |
| D008420 | Manufactured Materials |
| D013676 | Technology, Industry, and Agriculture |
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