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The aim of our study is to compare and investigate the effects of resistance exercises performed with free weights and those performed using machine systems on muscular parameters and neuromuscular control.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Free Weight Resistance Exercise Group | Experimental |
| |
| Machine-Based Resistance Exercise Group | Experimental |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Machine-Based Resistance Exercise Group | Device | Participants will perform supervised resistance exercises using weight machines (including machine-based biceps curl, squat, and bench press) at an intensity of 60-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Strength | Maximal voluntary strength of major muscle groups (upper and lower extremity) will be measured using 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for biceps curl, squat, and bench press. The heaviest weight that can be lifted once with proper form is recorded. Higher values indicate greater muscle strength. | 8 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscular Endurance - Upper Extremity | Upper extremity endurance will be assessed using the push-up test. Participants perform as many correct repetitions as possible within 1 minute. Higher repetitions indicate greater muscular endurance. | 8 weeks |
| Muscular Endurance - Lower Extremity |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Begüm Kara Kaya, PhD | Contact | +905355720021 | bkara@biruni.edu.tr |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biruni University | Istanbul | Zeytinburnu | 34015 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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Participants will be randomly assigned to two parallel groups: a free-weight resistance exercise group and a machine-based resistance exercise group.
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| Free Weight-Based Resistance Training Group | Other | Participants will perform supervised resistance exercises using free weights (dumbbells and barbell), including biceps curl, squat, and bench press, at an intensity of 60-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. |
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Lower extremity endurance will be assessed using the squat test. Participants perform as many correct repetitions as possible in one minute period. Higher repetitions indicate better muscular endurance. |
| 8 weeks |
| Neuromuscular Control - Upper Extremity | Upper extremity neuromuscular control will be measured using the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test. Participants perform hand touches over a marked line in 15 seconds. The average number of successful touches over 3 trials is recorded; higher scores indicate better neuromuscular control. | 8 weeks |
| Neuromuscular Control - Lower Extremity | Lower extremity neuromuscular control will be measured using the Y-Balance Test. Participants maintain balance on one leg while reaching with the other leg in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral). Average reach distances over 3 trials are recorded. Greater distances indicate better neuromuscular control. | 8 weeks |
| Proprioception - Knee Joint | Knee joint position sense will be assessed using digital goniometry at 15° and 60° flexion. Participants reproduce target angles with eyes closed. Absolute angular error in degrees is recorded; lower errors indicate better proprioception | 8 weeks |
| Proprioception - Elbow Joint | Elbow joint position sense will be assessed using digital goniometry at 30°, 60°, and 90° flexion. Absolute angular error is recorded; lower values indicate better proprioception. | 8 weeks |
| Participant Satisfaction and Perceived Change | Global Rating of Change (GROC) scale will be used. Participants rate perceived improvement after the exercise program on a 7-point numerical scale. Higher scores indicate greater perceived improvement. | Post-intervention (after 8 weeks) |