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The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if mindfulness meditation can improve closure and emotion towards unresolved memories in an undergraduate student population. This will be tested through a brief, novel intervention called Mindful Recollection, where participants transition immediately from mindfulness meditation into the recollection of an unresolved memory. The secondary aim of the study is to investigate the mechanisms of change underlying Mindful Recollection. Overall then, the main questions this study aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare the Mindful Recollection intervention to a mind-wandering control task to see if mindfulness meditation uniquely produces positive changes in emotion and closure above and beyond placebo. Mindful Recollection will involve a 13-minute audio-guided mindfulness meditation followed immediately by 2 minutes of memory recollection. The control task will involve 13-minutes of audio-guided mind-wandering followed immediately by 2 minutes of memory recollection.
Participants will:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindful Recollection | Experimental |
| |
| Mind-Wandering | Sham Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Meditation | Behavioral | Mindful Recollection consists of a 15-minute audio-guided task (13 minutes of guided meditation followed immediately by 2 minutes of unresolved event recollection). The 13-minute guided meditation is intended to facilitate a broad mindful awareness by working through sensations of the breath, body, and mind (in that respective order), eventually coming together in a practice of open monitoring - the non-selective observation of any and all aspects of experience. The 2-minute recollection period will have participants transition from meditating to recalling and reflecting on an unresolved memory they identified during the pretest period (approximately 24-72 hours prior). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pre- to Post-Test Changes in Psychological Closure using the Closure and Resolution Scale (CRS) | Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Completely disagree, 7 = Completely agree), with higher scores reflecting greater levels of closure and resolution. | Baseline (24-72 hours prior to the intervention) and post-test (immediately after intervention) |
| Pre- to Post-Test Changes in Negative Emotion using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) | Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = Extremely), with higher scores reflecting a stronger endorsement of that emotional experience. | Baseline (24-72 hours prior to the intervention) and post-test (immediately after intervention) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Experiential Acceptance Towards Thoughts and Emotions | Using the acceptance subscale of The Southampton Experiential Avoidance and Acceptance Scale. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree), with higher scores indicating greater levels of openness towards internal experience. | Immediately after the intervention (post-test) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Memory Characteristics | Using the Memory Experience Questionnaire Short-Form. Measures distinct qualities of autobiographical memory (e.g., coherence, vividness, visual perspective). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree), with higher scores indicating greater endorsement of a given memory characteristic. | Immediately after the intervention (post-test) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anas Alsayed Hasan | Contact | 647-224-1595 | alsayed4@uwindsor.ca |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Windsor | Windsor | Ontario | N9B 3P4 | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25894806 | Background | Luchetti M, Sutin AR. Measuring the phenomenology of autobiographical memory: A short form of the Memory Experiences Questionnaire. Memory. 2016;24(5):592-602. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1031679. Epub 2015 Apr 20. | |
| Background | De France, K., & Hollenstein, T. (2017). Assessing emotion regulation repertoires: The Regulation of Emotion Systems Survey. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 204-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.018 | ||
| Background | McAndrews, Z., Hart, C. M., & Stopa, L. (2024). Development of the Southampton Experiential Avoidance and Acceptance Scale (SEAAS). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 33, 100822-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100822 | ||
| 24059475 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064866 | Mindfulness |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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|
| Mind-Wandering Task | Behavioral | The mind-wandering control task consists of a 15-minute audio-guided task (13 minutes of mind-wandering followed immediately by 2 minutes of unresolved event recollection). Mind-wandering is a common sham mindfulness technique that repeatedly prompts participants to let their thoughts flow freely, thinking about whatever comes to mind. This exposes participants to the same procedure (i.e., listening to a 13-minute audio-recording) without receiving guided mindful meditation instructions. Thus, this condition will guide participants to have a typical mental experience of thinking freely about whatever comes to mind, without developing a mindful awareness of their internal experience. |
|
| Reappraisal | Using the Regulation of Emotion Systems Survey. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree), with higher scores indicating greater engagement in reappraisal during the assigned task. | Immediately after the intervention (post-test) |
| State Decentering | Using the Metacognitive Processes of Decentering-state scale. Items are rated on an 11-point Likert scale (0 = Not at all, 10 = Very much), with higher scores reflecting greater levels of state decentering (i.e., being aware of, disidentified with, and nonreactive to thoughts and emotions). | Immediately after the intervention (post-test) |
| State Mindfulness (Manipulation Check) | Using the State Mindfulness Scale. Administered as a manipulation check to measure participants' reports of mindful states during the assigned tasks. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 5 = Very well), with higher scores indicating greater states of mindfulness. | Immediately after the intervention (post-test) |
| Background |
| Tanay G, Bernstein A. State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): development and initial validation. Psychol Assess. 2013 Dec;25(4):1286-99. doi: 10.1037/a0034044. Epub 2013 Sep 23. |
| 3397865 | Background | Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jun;54(6):1063-70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063. |
| 32700920 | Background | Hanley AW, Bernstein A, Nakamura Y, Hadash Y, Rojas J, Tennant KE, Jensen RL, Garland EL. The Metacognitive Processes of Decentering Scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions. Psychol Assess. 2020 Oct;32(10):956-971. doi: 10.1037/pas0000931. Epub 2020 Jul 23. |
| 39561135 | Background | Boucher CM, Scoboria A, Soucie K, Pascual-Leone A. Development and validation of the Closure and Resolution Scale (CRS). Memory. 2025 Feb;33(2):205-222. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2427666. Epub 2024 Nov 19. |