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This study addresses NCCAM's request for research that investigates the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying mind-body therapies, and for precise criteria and better delineation of meditation practices.
The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical efficacy and mechanism of action of 2 component practices of "mindfulness meditation", i.e. focused awareness (FA) and open monitoring (OM) in comparison to each other and to the standard package, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT).
Meditation, particularly mindfulness meditation, is one of the most popular Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies for alleviating emotional stress, depression and anxiety. While standardized meditation-based treatment packages like Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) have reliably shown sustained improvements in emotional disturbances and wellbeing, they contain so many different components and practices that the active ingredient cannot be ascertained. What is commonly called "Mindfulness" meditation is actually comprised of two separate practices: 1) focused awareness practice (FA), and 2) open-monitoring practice (OM). This project aims to create separate 8 week programs for FA and OM meditations, compare their clinical efficacy and investigate their separate mechanisms of action in individuals with clinically significant levels of persistent negative affect and depression. The clinical benefit and mechanism of action of focused awareness (FA) vs open-monitoring (OM) vs MBCT will be examined with a 3-armed randomized control trial of these 8 week interventions. Outcome variables include negative affect (depression, anxiety, stress) and wellbeing. Hypothesized mediating processes include objectively measured attention, emotion regulation and the basic wakefulness on which they depend.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Focused Attention (FA) | Experimental | This 8 week program consists solely of focused attention practices, i.e. selected attention to an object (breath etc) and deselection of other stimuli |
|
| Open-Monitoring (OM) | Experimental | This 8-week program consists solely of open monitoring practices, or noticing and/or labeling the contents of ongoing experience ( thoughts, body sensations, emotions, seeing, hearing etc) without focusing on or deselecting any stimuli |
|
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) | Experimental | The 8 week MBCT program follows the 2nd Edition (2012) manual (Segal, Williams, Teasdale) and includes both focused attention and open- monitoring practices |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy | Behavioral |
| ||
| Focused Attention (FA) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology | 30-item clinician administered interview about unipolar depression symptoms | baseline, 8 weeks, 20 weeks |
| change in Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) | 42-item self-report questionnaire on depression, anxiety and stress symptoms | baseline, week 2,4,6,8, 20 |
| change in Wellbeing Scale (WBS) | 73-item self-report questionnaire of psychological wellbeing | baseline, 8 weeks, 20 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in alpha-theta EEG power from baseline to 8 weeks | Resting/spontaneous EEG power in 5-9 Hz range | baseline and 8 weeks |
| Change in Facial EMG power from baseline to 8 weeks | Facial EMG response to emotional (IAPS) photos (reactivity + regulation) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | 39-item self-report questionnaire of mindfulness skill acquisition (attention, non-reactivity) | baseline, week 3,5,7,8,20 |
| Self-Compassion Scale (Neff 2003) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Current:
Lifetime history exclusions:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown University Clinical and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory | Providence | Rhode Island | 02912 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33434227 | Derived | Cullen B, Eichel K, Lindahl JR, Rahrig H, Kini N, Flahive J, Britton WB. The contributions of focused attention and open monitoring in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for affective disturbances: A 3-armed randomized dismantling trial. PLoS One. 2021 Jan 12;16(1):e0244838. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244838. eCollection 2021. | |
| 33038188 | Derived | Canby NK, Eichel K, Peters SI, Rahrig H, Britton WB. Predictors of Out-of-Class Mindfulness Practice Adherence During and After a Mindfulness-Based Intervention. Psychosom Med. 2021 Jul-Aug 01;83(6):655-664. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000873. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Brown University's Clinical and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000099025 | Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064866 | Mindfulness |
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
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| Behavioral |
|
| Open- Monitoring | Behavioral |
|
| baseline and 8 weeks |
| Sustained Attention to response Task (SART) | 40 minuted sustained attention, go-no-go task | baseline, 8 weeks |
| Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) | 36-item self report of emotion regulation | baseline, 8 weeks, 20 weeks |
| Attention Control Questionnaire (Derryberry & Reed, 2002) | 20-item self report measure of attentional abilities | baseline, 8 weeks, 20 weeks |
26-item self report of attitudes towards oneself
| baseline, 8 weeks, 20 weeks |
| Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) | 60-item self report of emotional states | week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 |
| 29106898 | Derived | Britton WB, Davis JH, Loucks EB, Peterson B, Cullen BH, Reuter L, Rando A, Rahrig H, Lipsky J, Lindahl JR. Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Creation and validation of 8-week focused attention and open monitoring interventions within a 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2018 Feb;101:92-107. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.010. Epub 2017 Sep 28. |
| D004191 |
| Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |