PRospective Cohort Study for the Identification of Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation In Patients With Significant Primary Mitral Valve Regurgitation
PRospective Cohort Study for the Identification of Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation In Patients With Significant Primary Mitral Valve Regurgitation
The PRIME-LOOP study is a prospective cohort investigating the burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) and subclinical AF in patients with moderate-severe or severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR). The study will use long-term cardiac monitoring with an implantable loop recorder (ILR) for up to three years to identify the burden of AF. Further, the study aims to examine the associated risk of adverse events among patients with detected AF as compared with patients without AF. Only patients with no or mild symptoms related to MR and without a class I indication for surgical intervention will be included. The study aims to include 100 patients.
Patients will be screened from the PRIME cohort - a prospective cohort of patients with primary MR in East Denmark.
Purpose
There are two main purposes of this study: 1) to assess atrial fibrillation (AF) burden in patients with asymptomatic severe primary degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) but no known AF using the CE marked Reveal LINQ™ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM), and 2) to examine the association between subclinical AF and deterioration of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, progression of symptoms, and time to surgery.
We hypothesize that:
Background
Mitral regurgitation and atrial fibrillation MR is the second most common reason for heart valve surgery in the Western World and the most common valvular heart disease. For patients with severe primary MR the only curative approach is an invasive assessment, usually with mitral valve surgery. There exist clear guidelines for the assessment of patients with symptomatic severe primary MR and with a class I recommendation, surgery is recommended, level of evidence B. The evidence supporting this recommendation is based on observational data. However, timing of surgery is much debated, and no randomized controlled trials have been conducted, for the assessment of patients with asymptomatic severe primary MR. It has been of interest to identify factors associated with worse outcomes in this patient population in order to guide clinical decision of early surgery. AF is a common complication in patients with severe primary MR. Increased left atrial pressure from primary MR leading to left atrial enlargement and remodeling is hypothesized to be the pathophysiologic driver for the development of AF. From non-continuous electrocardiography (ECG) monitored patients, the incidence rate of AF has been around 20% within a 5 year period, however this study was conducted between 1989 and 1994 where monitoring devices were not as extensively used as in contemporary health care systems in the Western world.7 Another study identified AF among 32% of patients at the time of the primary MR diagnosis.8 Several observational studies have linked AF with worse outcomes, as compared with patients without AF - regardless of surgery. These observational findings have led to the guideline recommendation that patients with asymptomatic severe primary MR and AF should be considered for surgery (class IIa recommendation, level of evidence B). Studies investigating the interplay between AF and primary MR have primarily been limited by the absence of a clearly defined protocol for the detection of AF. Most commonly, AF was identified with an electrocardiogram taken concomitantly with the diagnostic echocardiography or at the discretion of the clinician following primary MR diagnosis. Compared with external loop recording, where patients are monitored continuously for 30 days, long-term continuous monitoring using an implantable loop recorder (ILR) has an up to three times higher rate for the detection of AF within one year in patients with ischemic stroke. Continuous heart rhythm monitoring and the detection of subclinical AF is being used more and more common, however which clinical consequences to draw from this finding is unknown in patients with severe MR. In cases of severe asymptomatic primary MR, where the identification of AF could influence the decision for surgery, employing a systematic and ongoing screening approach may aid in determining, whether AF is a factor associated with adverse outcomes. Additionally, this approach would provide insights into establishing the optimal time threshold for associating AF with worse outcomes.
Implantable loop recorder The Reveal LINQ insertable cardiac monitor or implantable loop recorder is a widely used device for detecting cardiac arrhythmias including AF. The insertion procedure is minimally invasive and requires little time and clinical resources. The device is placed under the skin of the chest and automatically records and remotely transmits arrhythmia episodes along with daily summary-level heart rhythm data to the clinician. Thresholds for arrhythmia annotation can be adjusted to accommodate the individual setting but have generally proven to have a very high sensitivity and high specificity for AF. Symptom-prompted ECG recordings can be transmitted by the use of a hand-held "symptom button" (Patient Assistant, PA96000) that comes with the device.15, 16 Additional remote transmissions to save all ECG material can be performed by the patient. The device has a battery-life of at least 3 years.
Methods
Design The study is designed as a case study with follow-up, involving 100 participants with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, moderate-severe or severe primary MR where surgical intervention is not planned. Participants will be screened for inclusion (see chapter 8) and upon study eligibility and consent from the participant, an ILR will be implanted. Participants will be screened from an already established prospective cohort of patients with primary MR (The PRIME cohort, p-2025-18689). Patients included in this cohort have already consented to be contacted for enrolment in studies related to primary MR. Hence, inclusion will not rely on screening in the clinic.
From the day of implantation, the burden of AF will be remotely monitored. When data on AF burden has been collected, the impact of AF burden on clinical outcomes will be examined.
Trial specific treatment/evaluations Participating in this trial, requires the participantto meet at Rigshospitalet for a total of three site visits: at baseline, after 12 months and after 36 months. On the first visit, the participant will have the ILR implanted, participate in a medical interview, undergo echocardiography, blood tests, and the HeartQol questionnaire. The second visit will only include echocardiography, blood tests, and the HeartQol questionnaire, while the final visit will also include ILR explantation. The dates of visit will, if possible, be coordinated with the participant'sstandard consultation for primary MR, to minimize unnecessary time and travel costs for the participants.
Procedures upon detection of clinically relevant arrythmias During the three-year heart rhythm monitoring, potential arrythmias may be detected. If an arrhythmia is detected by the ILR, the coordinating investigator or a delegate will review the recorded rhythm via the CareLink® Remote Monitoring Network within one week of the alarm. Upon diagnostic uncertainty, data will be further reviewed by a senior cardiologist with expertise in arrythmia. If there is discrepancy in the assessment of the rhythm recorded by the ILR, a third senior cardiologist will independently evaluate the rhythm where at least two cardiologists are needed to confirm the diagnosis. All event data will be continuously logged in RedCap.
The following findings from the ILR will lead to participant contact and consideration of alterations in medical treatment:
A new AF episode ≥24 hours and a CHADS-VA score >1 will lead to participant contact and recommendation of oral anticoagulant treatment taking bleeding risk into account.
Rate control will be considered with beta blocker, digoxin, or non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist. Follow-up will be ensured to be at the general physician or the local department of cardiology.
Clinically significant bradyarrhythmia (i.e., 2nd degree atrioventricular block type 2 and complete heart block with ≥4 beats at rate <30 beats/min, sinus arrest/asystole >3 seconds) will lead to participant contact to identify symptoms such as syncope, shortness of breath, dizziness. A senior colleague and/or senior consultant, with specialty within cardiac pacemakers will be consulted for consideration of permanent pacemaker implantation.
Ventricular tachycardia (VT). The participant will be contacted in case of non-sustained or sustained VT to identify symptoms such as palpitations, chest pain, syncope, dizziness. In case of sustained VT, the participant will be admitted to the local cardiology award for consideration of an Implantable electronic device. In case of non-sustained VT referral to the local department of cardiology will be considered for non-invasive test for myocardial ischemia and consideration of initiation of beta blocker.
Alterations in medical treatment are warranted when one of the abovementioned findings may be identified to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke, heart failure, syncope, myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrest and can be prevented if timely and correct medical therapy is initiated.
The coordinating investigators will review alerts from the ILR and upon detection of one the abovementioned findings, alterations in medical management will be discussed with the principle investigator and the expert committee. The final decision as to whether trial participant will be informed of a secondary finding shall be made by the principal investigator, based on a clinical and ethical assessment and in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and recommendations from the relevant ethics committee.
Procedures upon detection of other significant clinical findings Through blood tests and echocardiography, study personnel may identify previously undiagnosed conditions requiring further monitoring, diagnostic evaluation, or treatment initiation. If such findings occur, the participant will be informed and advised to contact their attending physician. As with arrhythmia detection, any subsequent interventions will be at the discretion of the partipant's attending physician.
Outcomes
The outcomes are examined during the three years from ILR implantation to ILR explantation. In addition, follow-up studies will be conducted at 5 and 10 years after explantation to further investigate the association between subclinical AF and adverse outcomes assessed from medical records. All outcomes are listed below.
Primary outcome Atrial fibrillation detection: Episode of ≥6 minutes of consecutive AF at any time during the 3-year monitoring time
Statistical considerations and data analyses
Statistical considerations The study is explorative in character, as the burden of AF in this population has not been examined with continuous monitoring previously. The expected proportion of participants that will be identified with AF, and the potential association with adverse outcomes, is based on pathophysiological theory and previous observational studies. In the LOOP-study, an ILR was assigned to 1,501 participants with no history of AF (median age 75 years) and at least one stroke risk factor (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, previous stroke, or heart failure).20 Among these, the authors found AF with a ≥6 min duration among 21% within 12 months and 31.8% within a median follow-up time of 39 months. With the considerable risk of AF linked to the presence of severe MR, we find it plausible that a similar or even higher rate of AF may be detected, as compared with that of the LOOP-study. Thus, we expect that this study will identify AF in up to 30% of the included participants within 12 months and 50% within 36 months. This rate is further supported by older studies that have identified AF in 20-30% of non-continuously monitored patients at the time of MR diagnosis. A key parameter in the clinical decision for surgical intervention is left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD). Patients with LVESD ≥40 mm have been associated with high mortality,21 hence LVESD ≥40 mm has become a class I indication for surgical intervention.2 We estimate that participants without AF detected by the ILR will have a mean LVESD of 35 mm with a standard deviation of 8 mm as measured by echocardiography at end of follow-up. For participants with AF as detected by ILR, the mean LVESD will be estimated at 40 mm. Assuming a two-sided alpha of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80% to detect this 5 mm increment in LVESD, a sample size of 40 participants per group is required for the study. Encountering dropouts and insecurity in estimates, we aim to enroll a total of 100 participants in total where it is estimated that around 50% will be categorized in the AF group and 50% will be categorized in the no AF group.
Data analyses This study will include 100 participants, all with an ILR. Should any dropouts occur, they will be replenished with new participants until the predetermined sample size is attained.
Secondary per-protocol analyses will be conducted, including only participants who complete the planned follow-up without major protocol deviations. The main analyses will be performed using multivariable Cox regression, assessing both the presence of AF as a baseline exposure and the occurrence of AF as a time-dependent covariate.
Participants who become pregnant during the study will be excluded from further monitoring from the date of pregnancy detection and censored at that time in the per-protocol analysis. Missing data will be handled using appropriate statistical methods depending on the extent and pattern of missingness (e.g., multiple imputation if data are missing at random).
Study participants
Eligible participants Participants eligible for inclusion are participants who are potential candidates for mitral valve surgery but do not meet the criteria for class I intervention and have not been diagnosed with AF, see below.
Inclusion criteria Asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic*, significant primary MR** LVEF ≥60% Native mitral valve Age ≥18 years old
Exclusion criteria Planned for mitral valve surgery LVESD ≥ 40 mm Prescence of cardiac pacemaker, ICD, cardiac resynchronization device, loop recorder, or a clinical indication for loop recorder Life expectancy < 1 year Pregnancy or lactating Prior diagnosis of AF
* Asymptomatic is defined as not being restricted in everyday activities due to dyspnea and have the functional capacity of walking to the second floor without being dyspneic (METS≥4). The evaluation of symptoms will be on the discretion of the treating physician.
**MR may be defined by either of two:
Abbreviations: MR: mitral regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.
Discontinuation Participants reserve the right to terminate their involvement in the trial at any time. For participants who may become pregnant or is planned for cardiac valve surgery during the study period, the participant is informed to contact the coordinating investigator to have the ILR explanted. Likewise, investigators retain the authority to cease a participant's engagement if medical circumstances arise that preclude continued participation. In the event of discontinuation, all data pertaining to the participant will be retained up to the point of their withdrawal from the trial.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
lauge.klement.moltke.oestergaard.02@regionh.dk0045 35454295
jeppe.kjaergaard.petersen@regionh.dk