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This study is designed to test the hypothesis that whole-grain forms of maize meal enhance and prolong satiety post-meal consumption.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole grain maize porridge prepared with cold water | Experimental | White Star Whole Grain Instant Maize Porridge Original |
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| Whole grain maize porridge prepared with hot water | Experimental | White Star Whole Grain Instant Maize Porridge Original |
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| Smart Food | Experimental | FUTURELIFE Smart Food Original |
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| Instant Maize Porridge - reduced sugar formulation (WSIP) | Experimental | White Star Instant Maize Porridge Original- reduced sugar formulation (WSIP) |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast cereal standardised to an isocaloric intake of approximately 350 kcal, consume entire portion within 15 minutes witnessed. No other food may be consumed during the 4 hour test period. | Other | Cereal is in porridge form. One 350 ml bottle of water provided for the 4 hour test period 7:00-11:00 a.m.. Control dinner meal consumed the prior evening, then fast 10 hours overnight before visiting the test facility on four test days one week apart. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Satiety -Appetite | Self-reported appetite ratings using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire with 3 items: desire to eat rated from very weak to very strong, hunger rated from not at all to extremely, and fullness rated from not at all to extremely. | On each of four testing days, in fasted state, immediately after the standardised breakfast (0), and at 120 and 240 min after the breakfast |
| Satiety -Biomarkers: Leptin | Blood by venipuncture to measure the appetite-regulating hormone leptin in nanograms per milliliter | On each of four test days at baseline following a 10 hour fast (Time 0), at 2 hours and 4 hours post ingestion of test porridge |
| Satiety -Biomarkers: Ghrelin | Blood by venipuncture to measure the appetite-regulating hormone ghrelin in picograms per milliliter | On each of four test days at baseline following a 10 hour fast (Time 0), at 2 hours and 4 hours post ingestion of test porridge |
| Satiety - glycaemic parameters: Glucose | Blood samples obtained by venipuncture in millimoles per liter | On each of four test days at baseline following a 10 hour fast (Time 0), at 2 hours and 4 hours post ingestion of test porridge |
| Satiety - glycaemic parameters: Insulin | Serum samples obtained by venipuncture in microunits per milliliter | On each of four test days at baseline following a 10 hour fast (Time 0), at 2 hours and 4 hours post ingestion of test porridge |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric measurements - BMI | Body mass index calculated from kg weight and cm height | Test Day 1 only prior to porridge consumption |
| Anthropometric measurements - WHR | Waist-hip ratio in centimeters |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Henrietta L de Kock | U Pretoria | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U. Pretoria | Pretoria | 0083 | South Africa |
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| Test Day 1 only prior to porridge consumption |
| Anthropometric measurements - Fat Mass | Body composition measurement | Test Day 1 only prior to porridge consumption |
| Dietary intake habits-QFFQ | Interviewer-administered, completed once using a quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) of 140 typically consumed food items by type/brand, cooking methods, frequency, and the amount of all food and drink consumed in the past 4 weeks converted to grams per week per food item | The protocol allows for completion prior to the first test day, or instead at any one of the four test days. There is no particular time point requirement that it be done at baseline nor within a certain window after test meal consumption. |
| Dietary intake habits-24 hour recall | Using a quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) | Completed at each of the four test days. There is no particular time point requirement that it be done at baseline nor within a certain window after test meal consumption. |