Ten patients with short intestines in clinical practice were intervened with dietary fiber. Serum and feces before and after the dietary fiber intervention were collected, and relevant indicators of nutrition and intestinal barrier were collected to observe the improvement of dietary fiber on patients with short intestines

All participants in Cohort 1 were recruited at the Eastern Theatre Command General Hospital (Nanjing, China) and provided written informed consent. The primary inclusion criterion was a confirmed diagnosis of type II or type III short bowel syndrome in patients aged 18

-70 years. Participants were excluded if they had other gastrointestinal diseases, malignant tumours, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases or renal insufficiency (severe kidney disease with creatinine levels exceeding 3.0 mg/dL), or if they had taken antibiotics for more than three days within the preceding three months.