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When motor control deficits, sensory-perceptual deficits, and deficits in attention allocation and executive functions, often seen in ADHD, are accompanied by impairments in attentional allocation and executive function, further difficulties with dual tasks may arise. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with healthy children on single-motor and dual-motor and motor-cognitive tasks.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder frequently encountered in childhood. Genetic, social, and physical factors play a significant role in ADHD, and it is known that it can cause problems in many areas, including financial costs, family responsibilities, academic performance, and physical and mental health. These children are fidgety, unable to sit still, boredom with sitting for long periods, constantly running or climbing in childhood, but as adults, they remain restless, often climbing walls, have difficulty engaging in quiet activities, begin speaking before the other person has even finished, interrupt others, talk excessively, and have difficulty with tasks that require waiting or taking turns. Hyperactivity is more common in these children during the preschool years. Other characteristics of these children include being stubborn, sleepy, bedwetting, and displaying anger and aggression in response to situations. Motor activity decreases with age. By adulthood, they experience emotional distress. Dual tasking, a common occurrence in daily life, is defined as the simultaneous performance of two tasks that can be performed independently, measured separately, and have different objectives. In dual tasking, motor-motor, motorcognitive, or cognitive-cognitive tasks are performed simultaneously. When motor control deficits, sensory-perceptual deficits, attention allocation, and executive function deficits frequently seen in ADHD coexist, further difficulties with dual tasks may arise.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): All tests will be applied to ADHD children. |
| |
| Control | Healthy Children: All tests will be applied to healthy children. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| test | Diagnostic Test | Descriptive tests will be applied |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Nine hole peg test- Single task | Participants are asked to place nine 3.2 cm long sticks into the holes on the platform as quickly as possible and then collect them. This process is timed and recorded in seconds. | At Baseline |
| Nine hole peg test-motor dual task | Participants are asked to place nine 3.2 cm long sticks into the holes on the platform as quickly as possible and then collect them. This process is timed and recorded in seconds. Keeping pace with the foot during the 9-hole peg for motor-motor dual task (dorsi-plantar flexion) | at baseline |
| Nine hole peg test- congitive dual task | Participants are asked to place nine 3.2 cm long sticks into the holes on the platform as quickly as possible and then collect them. This process is timed and recorded in seconds. During the 9-hole peg test for the motor-cognitive dual task, they will be asked to say animal names starting with the letter K. | At baseline |
| 10 meter walk test-single task | The subject is asked to walk a 10-meter distance at a normal walking pace. To mitigate the effects of acceleration and deceleration, a 2-meter starting and finishing distance is included before and after the 10-meter test area. During the test, the timer starts when the subject's foot crosses the starting line and stops when the subject crosses the finishing line. Two measurements are taken, and the best value is recorded in m/s. | at baseline |
| Ten meter walk test- motor dual task | The subject is asked to walk a 10-meter distance at a normal walking pace. To mitigate the effects of acceleration and deceleration, a 2-meter starting and finishing distance is included before and after the 10-meter test area. During the test, the timer starts when the subject's foot crosses the starting line and stops when the subject crosses the finishing line. Two measurements are taken, and the best value is recorded in m/s. For the motor-motor dual task, children will be asked to carry a tray containing an empty box with two hands during the 10-meter walking test. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Healthy Children
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| ipek kırmacı | GIBTU | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ipek Kırmacı | Şehitkamil | Gaziantep | 544 261 82 85 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| At baseline |
| Ten meter walk test- cognitive dual task | The subject is asked to walk a 10-meter distance at a normal walking pace. To mitigate the effects of acceleration and deceleration, a 2-meter starting and finishing distance is included before and after the 10-meter test area. During the test, the timer starts when the subject's foot crosses the starting line and stops when the subject crosses the finishing line. Two measurements are taken, and the best value is recorded in m/s. For the motor-cognitive dual task, children will be asked to say animal names starting with the letter K during the 10-meter walking test. | at baseline |