Retrospective data analysis of children with primary dental trauma and follow-up visual examination to find out the sequelae.

An observational study of permanent teeth that have enamel defects, coloration, or developmental disruption after primary tooth injury. A control group without history of trauma or dental injury to compare the enamel defect statistics.

Inclusion Criteria:

• • Children who had experienced TDI-p

  • Presence of a permanent tooth germ below the primary teeth
  • Children aged between 5 and 12 years, regardless of sex
  • Patients and their guardians who agreed to participate in follow-up sessions
  • Permanent teeth that had fully erupted according to Von Arx's [16] classification.

Exclusion Criteria:

• • Children with long-term antibiotic use due to chronic illnesses that could cause enamel hypoplasia

  • Children with congenital absence of permanent tooth germs
  • Permanent teeth with caries or restorations due to trauma or other causes
  • Permanent teeth that had not yet erupted or had only partially erupted
  • Children with primary tooth trauma who were unable to attend the follow-up session
  • Children with a history of trauma to their permanent teeth
  • Children without any history of trauma to primary teeth

• Data from 275 traumatized primary teeth of 137 children
• 101 children were included in the study 36 children excluded because the corresponding permanent successors had not yet erupted, and four permanent teeth and secondary trauma