This study will be conducted by the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü University, with the aim of evaluating the treatment processes and follow-up responses of patients aged between 6 and 14 years who will present with crown fractures in their maxillary or mandibular permanent incisors.

Written informed consent will be obtained from the parents of all participating patients. The research will be carried out using a prospective observational design.

Initially, sociodemographic information as well as personal data such as the child's age and gender will be collected through a questionnaire designed for the parents. Additionally, trauma-related information-including the time, location, and cause of the injury-will be recorded in detail using a trauma assessment form developed for the study.

Each patient will undergo clinical and radiographic evaluations, and treatment planning and follow-up will be carried out based on these findings.

The sample size was determined based on a statistical power analysis. This analysis was conducted with an effect size of w = 0.5, an alpha error probability of α = 0.05, and a power of 1 - β = 0.8. Calculations performed for two degrees of freedom (df = 2) yielded a total required sample size of 39 participants.

Inclusion Criteria:

Age between 6 and 14 years Presence of a traumatic dental injury in a permanent tooth Type of TDI classified as either complicated or uncomplicated crown fracture Consent to participate provided by the patient's legal guardian

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients outside the 6-14 age range or presenting for other reasons Patients with traumatic dental injuries other than crown fractures

Types of Treatments Applied for Crown Fractures:

Restoration with composite resin Vital pulp therapies Regeneration Root canal treatment

Clinical Evaluation Criteria of Our Study:

Presence of pain and percussion sensitivity was considered a failure. Presence of abscess and fistula was considered a failure. Repair of the restoration was not considered a failure. Teeth showing loss of vitality and gray discoloration due to necrosis were considered a failure. The treatment success was evaluated using the Periapical Index (PAI) on periapical radiographs obtained from patients included in the study during follow-up visits. Internal and external root resorption were considered failures.

If the radiolucent area observed at the apex had developed or increased after treatment, it was considered a failure.

Reduction of initial radiolucencies observed in baseline radiographs of patients at the start of treatment or in those presenting late was considered a success.

Evaluation was performed according to the Periapical Index (PAI) described by Ørstavik et al. in 1986.

Disruption in the continuity of the lamina dura was considered a failure, whereas formation and continued development of the lamina dura were considered a success.

An increase in root length was considered a success. Calcification observed within the root canals was considered a failure. For immature traumatic teeth with an open apex at the start of treatment, continued and completed root maturation was considered a success.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 6 and 14 years
• Presence of traumatic dental injury involving a permanent tooth
• Type of injury classified as a complicated or uncomplicated crown fracture
• Informed consent obtained from the patient's parent or legal guardian

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients younger than 6 or older than 14 years, or those presenting for non-trauma-related dental issues
• Patients with traumatic dental injuries other than crown fractures (e.g., luxation, avulsion)