Participants in the yoga intervention group attended supervised yoga classes twice per week for 16 weeks. Each yoga session lasted approximately 60 minutes and was conducted by certified yoga instructors. Sessions comprised breathing exercises, structured yoga postures, and relaxation. Heart rate was monitored regularly during sessions to maintain appropriate intensity.

Participants in the control group were instructed to maintain their usual activities and not initiate any new structured exercise programs during the study period

: Participants in this arm received a structured yoga course intervention for a period of 4 months. Sessions were held twice weekly, with each lasting 60 minutes. The curriculum was specifically designed to be gentle, slow-paced, and low-impact, making it suitable for older adults while emphasizing body awareness, mind-body integration, and psychological regulation. The course content included: breathing exercises (e.g., basic abdominal breathing combined with simple movements), asana (posture) practice (e.g., seated chair exercises, standing poses, prone poses, supine poses, and side-lying poses, emphasizing muscle activation, joint flexibility, bodybalance training, and coordination of breath with movement), and meditation and relaxation (e.g.supine rest, moon breath training, and OM chanting). All classes were instructed by experienced yoga teachers certified by the Yoga Alliance.

assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, HOLOGIC Discovery Wi, Bedford, MA, USA), at lumbar spine and bilateral hips. Osteoporosis was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria based on T-scores.

N-MID osteocalcin is an important biomarker of bone metabolism, mainly reflecting bone formation activity. It is commonly used in clinical practice to evaluate the efficacy of osteoporosis, bone turnover abnormalities, and anti bone resorption therapy