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The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the effects of 8 week plyometric training and post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) training on explosive power, agility, acceleration and sprint speed, muscle strength and flexibility in healthy male semi-professional football players aged 18-35.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does PAPE training have effects on performance metrics of football players when planned and applied long-term (8 weeks)?
Does long term PAPE training improve agility, acceleration and speed, flexibility, vertical jump height, and muscle strength more effectively than Plyometric training?
Is there a significant difference in performance gains between PAPE and plyometric training compared to a control group receiving only routine football training?
Researchers will compare a plyometric training group, a PAPE training group, and a control group to determine which method most effectively enhances football-specific performance outcomes.
Participants will:
Assessments will be conducted at baseline, week 4, and week 8, including:
In addition, all participants will complete a sociodemographic and lifestyle assessment form capturing:
Age, height, weight, BMI Football experience and playing position Education level, employment status Sleep duration, training frequency, and training intensity Smoking and alcohol use status.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| PAPE Training Group | Experimental | Participants in this group received post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) training using high-resistance banded squats (~85% 1RM) 3 times per week for 8 weeks, immediately after warm-up and before continuing their regular football training. 10% of load was added every week to their training load. 3 reps and 3 sets were done per session with 5 minutes of active rest interval between sets. |
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| Plyometric Training Group | Experimental | Participants in this group performed additional plyometric training 3 times per week for 8 weeks, immediately after warm-up and before continuing their regular football training. Training included depth jumps using a plyometric box with gradual increase in height of the box from 30-60 cm. 12 reps and 7 sets were performed with 30 seconds- 1 minute of rest interval between sets |
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| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants in this group continued with their regular football training routine without receiving any additional intervention. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAPE Training | Behavioral | A neuromuscular activation protocol involving heavy banded squats (~85% 1RM) to induce post-activation performance enhancement. Applied three times weekly over 8 weeks following the warm-up. Participants then continued with regular football training. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Illinois Agility Test | Time to complete the Illinois Agility Test will be measured under standardized conditions with a stopwatch. Participants sprint and weave through cones in a pre-set course. The total time to complete the course is recorded; best of two attempts is used. | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8 |
| Vertical Jump Height (Countermovement Jump) | Vertical jump height will be assessed using the "MyJump 2" app specifically the Counter Movement Jump with Free Arms (CMJ). A video of the participant will be taken and using frame selection of take-off and landing, their jump height will be automatically calculated by the app. Three attempts will be averaged. | From Baseline to Week 4 through Week 8 |
| 30-Meter Sprint Time (including 10-meter split) | Sprint time over 30 meters will be recorded using stopwatch with a 10-meter acceleration split included. | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8 |
| Vertical Jump Test (Sargent Jump) | Vertical jump height will be measured using the Sargent Jump Test, a standardized field-based assessment of lower-body explosive power. Participants will stand adjacent to a wall, reach up to mark their standing reach height, then perform a maximal vertical jump and touch the wall at the peak of the jump. The difference between the standing reach and jump reach (in centimeters) will be recorded as the jump height. Each participant will perform three trials, and the average will be used for analysis. | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Isometric Muscle Strength (Quads, Hamstrings, Gastrocnemius) | Maximal voluntary isometric contraction will be measured using a handheld dynamometer across three muscle groups for both left and right sides of the lower extremity. Mean of three trials per muscle group will be used. | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Profile | Participants will complete a structured questionnaire at baseline to collect data on age, height, weight, BMI, football experience (in years), playing position, education level, employment status, sleep duration, training frequency and intensity, and smoking/alcohol use. This information may be used for exploratory subgroup or correlational analyses to examine its potential influence on performance outcomes. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Habibe S. Inal, Prof. Dr | Galata University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatih Karagümrük A.Ş. | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059385 | Plyometric Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
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| Plyometric Training | Behavioral | A program of depth jumps designed to enhance explosive power, speed, and agility. Applied 3 times weekly over 8 weeks following the warm-up. Participants then continued with their regular football training. |
|
| Sit and Reach Test |
Measures hamstring and lower back flexibility using a sit-and-reach box. Participants perform three attempts; the best distance reached (in cm) is recorded. |
| Baseline, Week 4, Week 8. |
| Modified Thomas Test | Hip flexor and quadriceps flexibility are assessed using the Modified Thomas Test with goniometric measurement. Angles are recorded in degrees; each leg is tested once. | Baseline, Week 4, Week 8. |
| Baseline only (Week 0) |
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D064797 | Physical Conditioning, Human |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |