TENS for Limb Function in Stroke: Design and Rationale for a Randomized Trial

Comparative Effects of 2Hz Versus 100Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Upper Limb Motor Function Post-Stroke: Design and Rationale for a Randomized Trial

This study tests whether slow or fast electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) works better to improve arm movement in people recovering from a stroke. Participants will receive TENS on their weak arm three times a week for eight weeks. The results will help find the best TENS setting to support stroke recovery.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 to 85 years
2. Clinical diagnosis of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) within the past 10 days to 2 months
3. Presence of voluntary movement in the non-paretic arm and at least minimal antigravity movement in the paretic shoulder
4. At least 5 degrees of active wrist extension on the paretic side
5. Able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Uncontrolled medical, cardiovascular, or orthopedic conditions
2. Contraindications to TENS (e.g., implanted cardiac pacemaker, skin allergies)
3. Receptive aphasia preventing informed consent or cooperation
4. Significant peripheral neuropathy affecting upper limbs
5. Current participation in another clinical trial or drug study
6. Severe contractures in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, or fingers