Education and social support on topics related to multiple sclerosis such as disease-modifying therapies and MRI in MS.

The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) helps to describe the extent to which one's MS affects their everyday functionality based on a neurological and physical exam. Total scale is scored from 1-10, with a higher score indicating greater levels of disability due to MS.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) presents a series of nine symbols, each paired with a single digit in a key at the top of a stimulus page. Subjects voice the number associated with each symbol as rapidly as possible. The examiner records the total amount of responses completed. The task continues for 90 seconds with the research staff recording responses. The SDMT score ranges from 0 to 110, with higher values representing a better outcome in cognitive processing speed.

The California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) is a widely used neuropsychological assessment designed to evaluate verbal learning and memory. It requires individuals to recall words across multiple trials, measuring encoding, recall strategies, and recognition accuracy.

Scores are based on the number of correctly recalled words across different conditions, including immediate free recall, short-delay free & cued recall, long-delay free & cued recall. Each trial is scored separately, with higher scores (range 0-16) indicating the successful recall of a word; raw scores are converted to a T-score based on age-and-sex-matched normative data.

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) is a neuropsychological assessment designed to measure visuospatial learning and memory. It consists of multiple trials where individuals are asked to recall and recognize geometric figures after a brief exposure.

Scores are based on the number and accuracy of correctly recalled figures across trials. Each trial is scored separately, with higher scores (range 0-12) indicating the successful recall of a word; raw scores are converted to a T-score and percentile based on age-matched normative data.

Higher scores (range 0-9) indicating better visuospatial memory performance

The 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) assesses finger dexterity and fine motor coordination. Participants place and remove pegs from a board as quickly as possible, with completion time serving as the primary measure, where faster times indicate better performance.

Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) evaluates walking speed and ability; a faster completion time on these tests indicates a better performance.

The 2-Minute Walk Test measures endurance, indicated by a greater distance walked over a two-minute interval.

The MSIS-29 is a 29-item questionnaire designed to assess the extent to which individuals feel their MS impacts their daily life. Respondents rate the effect of MS on different aspects of their life using a 5-point scale (1 = Not At All, 2 = A Little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite A Bit, 5 = Extremely). The questionnaire includes two subscales: a physical subscale with 20 items and a psychological subscale with 9 items. The total range for each subscale is transformed to a 0-100 scale, with higher scores indicating a greater perceived negative impact of MS.

The MSCS is an 8-item questionnaire designed to assess patient-reported cognitive deficits in individuals with MS. Each item is scored based on the frequency of cognitive difficulties experienced over the past month (0 = Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = Fairly Often, 4 = Very Often). The scale includes four 2-item subscales-Executive/Speed, Working Memory, Expressive Language, and Episodic Memory-each with a total range of 0-8. A total score (range 0-32) is calculated by summing all item scores, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive impairment due to MS.

Adherence to MIND Diet will be measured using MIND Diet score, where scores range 0-14. Higher scores indicate better adherence to a Mediterranean-style (MIND) diet and points are assigned based on how often an individual consumes the food group in question.

Those assigned to the diet intervention arm will complete a self-assessment of their adherence to the MIND diet, indicating how closely an individual believes they are following the MIND diet. Scores range 0-100, where higher scores indicate greater diet adherence (100%=perfect adherence).

The Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) is a 161-item survey measuring the frequency of specific food, beverage, and supplement intake. The DHQ is not scored; rather, it offers a detailed look into one's dietary patterns and nutrition by quantifying the nutrients, dietary constituents, and food groups that an individual has consumed over the past month.

The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a 7-item questionnaire designed to assess the severity of insomnia symptoms. Each item is scored from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more acute symptoms. The total score is calculated by summing the individual item scores, resulting in a total range of 0-28. Scores are categorized as follows: 0-7 (No clinically significant insomnia), 8-14 (Subthreshold insomnia), 15-21 (Clinical insomnia - moderate), and 22-28 (Clinical insomnia - severe).

The Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) is a tool used to assess weekly exercise habits, measuring both frequency (number of 15-minute sessions) and intensity (Light, Moderate, and Strenuous). A weekly leisure activity score is calculated using the formula: (9 × Strenuous) + (5 × Moderate) + (3 × Light). Higher scores indicate greater physical activity levels, with classifications as follows: ≥24 (Active), 14-23 (Moderately Active), and ≤14 (Insufficiently Active/Sedentary).

GFAP is a protein expressed by astrocytes (supporting cells in the brain) that can be elevated in certain disorders like multiple sclerosis

blood tests that measure the amount of fats in the blood

blood tests that measure the amount of fats in the blood

A1C is a lab test that shows the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the previous 3 months. It shows how well patients are controlling their blood sugar to help prevent complications from diabetes.

The NHANES Biological Aging Index (BAI) is a multi-marker index designed to estimate biological age relative to chronological age. It is derived from a mathematical equation that incorporates various biomarkers known to change with age. These biomarkers include resting blood pressure, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and lab values such as serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, blood-urea nitrogen, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies, and hemoglobin A1c. The index compares these values to a reference population of healthy individuals to estimate the rate of aging. A higher BAI score indicates faster aging of cells and tissues, while a lower score suggests slower aging. There is no defined minimum or maximum score for the BAI.

Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) measures biological aging (longer length associated with younger biological age). Biological age (BA) describes the extent of aging, based on the age of one's cells and tissues.