Resistance Exercise Training on Vascular and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women

Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Vascular Function and Physical Performance in Postmenopausal Women

Postmenopausal women often face risks of vascular dysfunction and muscle deterioration due to estrogen deficiency. These changes significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Previous studies have shown a significant positive correlation between vascular endothelial function and muscle strength. Moreover, muscle strength is a stronger predictor of mortality than muscle mass and is closely associated with the maintenance of functional independence in daily life. However, studies investigating the effects of whole-body progressive resistance training on vascular function and physical performance in postmenopausal women remain limited. This study aims to examine changes in vascular function and muscle strength in postmenopausal women following a whole-body progressive resistance training program.

Inclusion Criteria:

Participants were eligible for the study if they met the following criteria:

1. Postmenopausal women aged between 55 and 70 years;
2. Body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg/m²;
3. At least one year since menopause;
4. Able to live independently in the community;
5. Able to communicate independently in Mandarin or Taiwanese.

Exclusion Criteria:

Participants were excluded if they met any of the following conditions:

1. Acute musculoskeletal injuries within the past month (e.g., acute inflammation, fractures, sprains, contusions, or joint implants);
2. Diagnosed central or peripheral nervous system disorders affecting exercise participation (e.g., stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, autonomic dysfunction);
3. History of serious cardiac conditions within the past six months (e.g., coronary stenting, pacemaker implantation, peripheral or cerebral vascular reconstruction);
4. Presence of peripheral vascular diseases (e.g., peripheral artery disease, venous thrombosis);
5. Hormone therapy within the past six months;
6. Currently taking beta-blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or anticoagulant medications;
7. Currently participating in any other structured exercise training programs.