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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Linkoeping University | OTHER_GOV |
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Today's women will live more than a third of their lives after menopause, i.e. with a changed hormonal and metabolic state. Vasomotor symptoms like hot flushes and sweating are reported by about 75% of all women around menopause and may impair well-being, mental state, daily activities and night sleep. Vasomotor symptoms are less prevalent in women who participate in regular physical exercise. It is, however, still uncertain if physical exercise reduces vasomotor symptoms.
The purpose of this randomized controlled study is to establish possible beneficial health effects from 15 weeks of supervised resistance training (RT) on postmenopausal women. End-points include effects from RT in postmenopausal women on
The control group will be offered resistance training after the intervention period.
The first phase is planned as a pilot-study including 20 women participating for 15 weeks. Thereafter an evaluation of the sample size and the study methodology will be made.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance training | Experimental | The resistance training will be supervised and individualized by an experienced physiotherapist. First the relative load will be lighter during three weeks, thereafter the intensity and load will be increased over another 12 weeks. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | No intervention for 15 weeks but the same registrations, diaries and forms as the intervention group. The control group will however be omitted from muscle strength testing. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance training | Other | Resistance training supervised and individualized by an experienced physiotherapist. First the relative load will be lighter during three weeks, thereafter the intensity and load will be increased over another 12 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in frequency of hot flushes per 24 h | Frequency of hot flushes per 24 h daily recorded in hot flush diary from baseline throughout 15 weeks of intervention. Comparison between intervention group and control group. | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) | HRQoL will be measured with a generic measure (Short Form Health Survey - SF-36) and a measure specifically developed for mid-aged women (Women's Health Questionnaire) | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group. Follow-up after 6 and 24 months. |
| Muscle strength |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mats L Hammar, Professor | Linkoeping University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County Council of Östergötland, Kvinnokliniken | Linköping | 58185 | Sweden |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Johansson A, Rydell J, Smedby Ö, Nyström F, Lundberg P, Borga M. Quantitative Abdominal Fat Estimation Using MRI. 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2008 , art. no. 4761764. | ||
| 23603813 | Background | Lidell ME, Betz MJ, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Heglind M, Elander L, Slawik M, Mussack T, Nilsson D, Romu T, Nuutila P, Virtanen KA, Beuschlein F, Persson A, Borga M, Enerback S. Evidence for two types of brown adipose tissue in humans. Nat Med. 2013 May;19(5):631-4. doi: 10.1038/nm.3017. Epub 2013 Apr 21. | |
| 24480345 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019584 | Hot Flashes |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055070 | Resistance Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
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Muscle strength will be evaluated in the intervention group with 8 repetition maximum (8 RM) tests for the major muscles in the extremities. |
| Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention |
| Level of physical activity | Physical activity will be evaluated using diary and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group. Follow-up after 6 and 24 months. |
| Concentrations of adipo-myokines/inflammatory biomarkers | The markers to assess are as follows: Leptin, Irisin, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in blood samples shortly after a resistance-training and on a day without work-out; samples with direct measurement (plasma) and after white blood cell stimulation, conditioned medium with multiple bead technology (Luminex) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group |
| Length of telomeres | Length of telomeres will be measured in DNA isolated from blood samples with a qPCR based method. Recently, the telomere length was associated with certain SNP´s in the hTERT gene and these will also be assessed. | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group |
| Volume of white and brown adipose tissue and muscle volume | Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the volume of total (TAT), subcutaneous (SCAT) and visceral (VAT) white adipose tissue (Dahlqvist Leinhard 2008); the concentration of lipids diffusively stored in the liver parenchyma, and the volume of intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in the quadriceps muscle will be quantified. Furthermore, the MRI images will be used to quantify the volume of and fat concentration in supraclavicular and interscapular brown adipose tissue according to our recently published measurement protocol (Lidell 2013, Borga 2013), as well as the volume of the major extensor and flexor muscles (Karlsson 2013). | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group |
| Body mass index and abdominal height | Weight and length (BMI) and abdominal height measured with an abdometer | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group |
| Blood pressure | Using standard measure technique for blood preassure | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group |
| Severity of hot flushes | Severity of hot flushes per 24 h recorded in hot flush diary from baseline throughout 15 weeks of intervention and one week during follow-up at 6 and 24 months. | Baseline to 15 weeks of intervention/control group. Follow-up after 6 and 24 months. |
| Background |
| Borga M, Virtanen KA, Romu T, Leinhard OD, Persson A, Nuutila P, Enerback S. Brown adipose tissue in humans: detection and functional analysis using PET (positron emission tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and DECT (dual energy computed tomography). Methods Enzymol. 2014;537:141-59. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-411619-1.00008-2. |
| Background | Karlsson A, Rosander J, Tallberg J, Romu T, Borga M, Dahlqvist Leinhard O. Whole Body Muscle Classification using Multiple Prototype Voting. Proceedings of the ISMRM Annual Meeting (ISMRM'13), 2013. |
| 21563149 | Background | Daley A, Stokes-Lampard H, Macarthur C. Exercise for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 May 11;(5):CD006108. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006108.pub3. |
| 20188719 | Background | Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ. Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta. 2010 Jun 3;411(11-12):785-93. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.069. Epub 2010 Feb 25. |
| 12900694 | Background | Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Aug;35(8):1381-95. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB. |
| 9651903 | Background | Ivarsson T, Spetz AC, Hammar M. Physical exercise and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1998 Jun 3;29(2):139-46. doi: 10.1016/s0378-5122(98)00004-8. |
| 22668817 | Background | Kim JH, Ko JH, Lee DC, Lim I, Bang H. Habitual physical exercise has beneficial effects on telomere length in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012 Oct;19(10):1109-15. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182503e97. |
| 15172083 | Background | Lindh-Astrand L, Nedstrand E, Wyon Y, Hammar M. Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomised to physical activity or estrogen therapy. Maturitas. 2004 Jun 15;48(2):97-105. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5122(03)00187-7. |
| 21820961 | Background | Taylor JD, Fletcher JP. Reliability of the 8-repetition maximum test in men and women. J Sci Med Sport. 2012 Jan;15(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.07.002. Epub 2011 Aug 5. |
| 41687563 | Derived | Thorell S, West J, Lindblom H, Hammar M, Borga M, Spetz Holm AC. Effects of resistance training on postmenopausal women's muscle strength, muscle volume and muscle fat infiltration: A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas. 2026 Apr;207:108856. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.108856. Epub 2026 Feb 3. |
| 39272114 | Derived | Nilsson S, Henriksson M, Hammar M, Berin E, Lawesson SS, Ward LJ, Li W, Holm AS. A 2-year follow-up to a randomized controlled trial on resistance training in postmenopausal women: vasomotor symptoms, quality of life and cardiovascular risk markers. BMC Womens Health. 2024 Sep 13;24(1):511. doi: 10.1186/s12905-024-03351-1. |
| 37421844 | Derived | Nilsson S, Hammar M, West J, Borga M, Thorell S, Spetz Holm AC. Resistance training decreased abdominal adiposity in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2023 Oct;176:107794. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107794. Epub 2023 Jul 6. |
| 35907840 | Derived | Berin E, Spetz Holm AC, Hammar M, Lindh-Astrand L, Bertero C. Postmenopausal women's experiences of a resistance training intervention against vasomotor symptoms: a qualitative study. BMC Womens Health. 2022 Jul 30;22(1):320. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01900-0. |
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D064797 | Physical Conditioning, Human |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |