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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| IO 50/2024 | Other Identifier | Universidad de Burgos |
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Background: Individuals with mental disorders (MD) often experience motor issues, yet upper limb functionality remains understudied.
Objective: To compare upper limb function in individuals with and without MD, focusing on motor capacity, dexterity, and performance.
Design: Cross-sectional, qualitative, multicenter study. Methods: Assessed strength, motor skills, sensitivity, and daily function. Used T-test, Mann-Whitney U, Spearman correlation, and Chi-square.
Background: Research suggests individuals with mental disorders (MD) often face motor difficulties, such as issues with gait and posture. However, there is limited research on upper limb functionality in the mental health context.
Objective: To compare upper limb functionality between individuals with and without MD, focusing on differences in motor capacity, manual dexterity, and functional performance.
Study Design: Cross-sectional, qualitative, multicenter study.
Methods: Strength, fine and gross motor skills, sensitivity, tactile discrimination, and were assessed, along with functional limitations in daily activities. Statistical methods used included independent samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation, and Chi-square test.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMENTAL GROUP | Participants diagnosed with a mental disorder (MD). Evaluated for upper limb functionality, including strength, fine and gross manual dexterity, sensitivity, tactile discrimination, and performance in activities of daily living (ADL). | ||
| CONTROL GROUP | Participants without any diagnosed mental disorder. Assessed using the same measures to serve as a baseline for comparison with the MD group. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) | Assesses fine manual dexterity. Participants place and remove nine pegs from holes as quickly as possible, using one hand at a time. The test is performed twice, and the average time is recorded. Lower scores indicate better fine motor skills. The NHPT has shown high test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency in previous studies, including Spanish-speaking populations. | 3 weeks |
| Box and Block Test (BBT) | Measures gross manual dexterity. Participants move as many blocks as possible from one compartment of a box to another in one minute, using each hand separately. Blocks must be moved over a dividing wall without throwing or bumping. Higher scores indicate better gross dexterity. The BBT is widely used and validated across different populations. | 3 weeks |
| Digital Hand Dynamometer | Evaluates grip strength. Participants squeeze a hydraulic hand dynamometer three times with each hand while seated with the elbow at 90°. The average of the three trials is used. Higher scores indicate greater grip strength. This test has strong validity, sensitivity, and reliability, including among Spanish-speaking populations. | 3 weeks |
| Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test | Assesses tactile sensitivity. Monofilaments of varying thickness are applied to specific areas of the hand (fingertips, palm, back of the hand). The finest filament perceived consistently (at least 2 out of 3 times) is recorded as the sensitivity threshold. There is limited psychometric data available in Spanish-speaking populations, though the test is widely used clinically. | 3 weeks |
| Two-Point Discrimination Test (Touch-Test) | Evaluates tactile discrimination ability. Two points are applied to the skin at decreasing distances until the participant can no longer distinguish them as separate. Tested on the same hand areas as the monofilament test. It assesses the density of tactile receptors and sensory pathway integrity. Psychometric properties in Spanish-speaking populations are not well established. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Mental Disorder Group
Control Group (Healthy Participants)
Exclusion Criteria:
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A convenience sample of 38 participants was obtained, consisting of 19 individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder (MD) and 19 healthy controls.
Initially, 40 participants were contacted; however, two were unable to participate due to scheduling conflicts that prevented them from completing the assessment.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Burgos | Burgos | Burgos | 09001 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36076200 | Result | Jiang R, Westwater ML, Noble S, Rosenblatt M, Dai W, Qi S, Sui J, Calhoun VD, Scheinost D. Associations between grip strength, brain structure, and mental health in > 40,000 participants from the UK Biobank. BMC Med. 2022 Sep 9;20(1):286. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02490-2. | |
| 8024419 | Result | Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Hebert R, Dutil E, Mercier L. Validation of the Box and Block Test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: reliability, validity, and norms studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Jul;75(7):751-5. |
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The individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this study-including anonymized data on motor assessments, functional performance, and demographic variables-will be made available upon reasonable request to qualified researchers.
Requests include a clear research purpose and it is reviewed and approved by the principal investigator and the ethics committee, ensuring data privacy and compliance with relevant regulations. Data will be shared in a de-identified format to protect participant confidentiality.
The IPD will be made available upon reasonable request to qualified researchers.
Start date for data availability: January 1, 2026
End date for data availability: December 31, 2030
Qualified researchers affiliated with academic institutions, healthcare organizations, or research centers will be eligible to request access to the individual participant data (IPD) and supporting documentation. Access will be granted for non-commercial, scientific research purposes only.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
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| 3 weeks |
| QuickDASH Questionnaire | A shortened version of the DASH questionnaire, designed to evaluate disability and symptoms in the upper limb. It consists of 11 items rated on a 5-point scale. Higher scores indicate worse functional ability. Both the original and Spanish versions have demonstrated good reliability, internal consistency, sensitivity to change, and construct validity. | 3 weeks |
| 38470661 | Result | Moreno-Morente G, Hurtado-Pomares M, Sanchez-Perez A, Terol-Cantero MC. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Feasibility of the NHPT-E of Manual Dexterity for the Spanish Population. Healthcare (Basel). 2024 Feb 27;12(5):550. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12050550. |
| 33099076 | Result | Walther S, Mittal VA, Stegmayer K, Bohlhalter S. Gesture deficits and apraxia in schizophrenia. Cortex. 2020 Dec;133:65-75. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.017. Epub 2020 Oct 3. |
| 32116983 | Result | Vale N, Gandolfi M, Mazzoleni S, Battini E, Dimitrova EK, Gajofatto A, Ferraro F, Castelli M, Camin M, Filippetti M, De Paoli C, Picelli A, Corradi J, Chemello E, Waldner A, Saltuari L, Smania N. Characterization of Upper Limb Impairments at Body Function, Activity, and Participation in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis by Behavioral and EMG Assessment: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Feb 14;10:1395. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01395. eCollection 2019. |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |