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This randomized controlled study aimed to examine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises on anaerobic power and motor performance in adolescent male volleyball players. Eighteen participants aged 15 to 17 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group performed PNF stretching exercises three times per week for six weeks, in addition to their regular volleyball training. The control group continued their standard volleyball training without PNF stretching. Outcome measures included anaerobic power, flexibility, balance, speed, push-up, and crunch tests. The study hypothesizes that PNF stretching will improve motor performance indicators in adolescent athletes.
This clinical trial investigates the effects of a six-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching intervention on motor performance in adolescent male volleyball players. A total of 18 participants with at least 6 months of volleyball training experience were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (n=9) and the control group (n=9). The experimental group received PNF stretching exercises in addition to their routine training three times per week for six weeks, while the control group continued only with their routine training.
The main outcome measures were anaerobic power (Margaria-Kalamen Test), flexibility (Sit-and-Reach Test), balance (Flamingo Balance Test), speed (20 m sprint), upper body strength (Push-up Test), and core strength (Crunch Test). Pre- and post-test evaluations were conducted. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on flexibility and functional performance development in adolescent athletes and aims to support evidence-based training practices in sports sciences.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| PNF Stretching Group | Experimental | Participants in this group performed proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises three times per week for six weeks, in addition to their regular volleyball training. |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants in this group continued with their regular volleyball training without any additional intervention. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNF Stretching Exercise | Behavioral | Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises were applied three times per week for six weeks. The intervention included contract-relax and hold-relax techniques targeting lower extremity muscle groups, conducted in addition to regular volleyball training. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anaerobic Power (Margaria-Kalamen Test) | Anaerobic power will be evaluated using the Margaria-Kalamen test, which measures power output based on the time taken to run up a staircase. The test will be conducted at baseline and after 6 weeks. | Baseline and after 6-week intervention |
| Hamstring Flexibility (Sit-and-Reach Test) | Hamstring flexibility will be measured with the Sit-and-Reach test. Participants sit on the floor with legs extended and reach forward. The distance reached is recorded in centimeters. | Baseline and after 6-week intervention |
| Static Balance Performance | Static balance will be measured by having participants stand on one leg for a defined duration without support. Performance will be evaluated based on duration of balance and postural stability. | Baseline and after 6-week intervention |
| Sprint Performance (20-m Sprint Test) | Speed performance will be measured using the 20-meter sprint test. Participants will run 20 meters at maximal effort, and the time taken will be recorded in seconds. | Baseline and after 6-week intervention |
| Upper Body Endurance (Push-Up Test) | Upper body muscular endurance will be evaluated by counting the number of push-ups performed within 30 seconds. | Baseline and after 6-week intervention |
| Core Endurance (Crunch Test) | Core endurance will be assessed by counting the number of crunches a participant can perform in 30 seconds. | Baseline and after 6-week intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Only biologically male participants are eligible to participate in this study.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaziantep University, Faculty of Sport Sciences | Gaziantep | Şehitkamil | 27350 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data (IPD) will be shared in an anonymized format. No personally identifiable information will be included. Data will be limited to outcome measures and relevant variables necessary for reproducibility and secondary analyses by qualified researchers upon reasonable request.
IPD will be available beginning 6 months after publication of the results and will be available for 5 years.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D052580 | Muscle Stretching Exercises |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
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The study used a parallel assignment model with two arms. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group, which received PNF stretching exercises in addition to regular training, or the control group, which continued only with standard volleyball training.
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The assessor responsible for outcome measurements was blinded to group allocation.
|
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |